History of Islam and Iran
Year:2010 | Volume:20 | Issue:5 (83)|Papers Count:7

Although Timur, the founder of the Timurid reign, gained a victory in military fronts, he never sought to establish the legitimacy principles independent of the Mongols. This procedure, which continued on at the realm of his successors, caused the passivity of Timurid’s foreign policy in their relationship with Mongols. Therefore they continued with compromise in relation to the different branches of Mongols who lived on its eastern and northern borders and never sought to ever throw them completely. Its immediate consequence was that in spite of Mongols weakness in this period. They could protect the political establishments and in the long run along with the Timurid’s weakness they would act against the Timurid government’s possessions. This paper is going to study the Timurids relationship with a branch of neighboring Mongolian peoples, namely Mongolian who ruled on Qebchaq desert.

In the civilization region of Iran, Sogd (Sogdiana) land is the earliest in building, growth and development of the city. The etymology of Sogd shows that its meaning is "town and residence". The residents of Sogd were the first urbanized people and the sides of Sogd (Zarafshan / Zeravshan) river are reckoned as the best place in nature and climate for the growth of the city. Although there were repeated attacks of eastern desert invaders (nomadic); being in the side of water, having plains and sand region, the transit of the most important commercial ways of Sogd and agriculture and the land owner (Dehghan / Dehkan) caused its prosperity.This paper tries to get through the effective factors in the existence and the developmental of these areas. And so, investigates about the history of its name and indication historical situation in morphology and existence of Sogdian cities.

Zand reign (1747-1795) particularly during Karim Khan’s rule regards as the period of constancy and quietness after Safavid era, which brought a style of statesmanship due to the condition of that time. The most important characteristic of this style was the difference in the relation between political and religious institutions beside Safavid and Afsharid periods. It seems that the structural failure of these two institutions has affected the cause of their formation of limited exchange.In traditional style, king or sultan was the head of political and religious institutions. But in the Zand reign, king was not in his commonplace situation. Though in that period, the theoretical basis of government did not change, the exchange between political and religious institution was limited.This survey explains reasons and conditions that influence this exchange.

The government of Altin urdu was the most important confederate of Mamlks. Both of them had a great deal of hostility with in Mongols in Iran, and this common denominator had impressive effect in commercial and political relationships between them.After the death of Mongu (Mongka), because of disagreements between Mongol Khans for the successor, the internal war was arose and a series of quarrels were started especially between two governments that were rivals and had a common border. These quarrels were commanded by Barkah khan and Hulaku. A quarrel of Hulaku with Barkah over the power, his action in murdering and plundering of Islamic cities especially Bagdd, distruction of Abbsid caliphate and protection of Christians and Buddhists in confrontation of Muslims, carried the anger of the Muslim Khan of Altin urdu. The existence of common enemy-Mongols-ended in proximity and confederation of two Islamic governments of Mamluks and Altin Urdu. The good political relations carried extended commercial relations.The government of Mamluks because of involvement in two groups of Franks and Mongols had to strengthen its military power. Then Baybars started slave trading from Qibchq plain and its attaching markets in the Asia Minor and black sea shores. On the contrary, Barkah also with confederacy with Baybars enjoyed the benefits of relation confederating governments of Mamluks such as Byzantines, Sicily, Rom Seljuqs, Aragon and Castile.