PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY (ARSANJAN BRANCH)
Year:2017 | Volume:9 | Issue:30 |Papers Count:25

In order to study the effects of late season drought stress and foliar application of nitrogen on physiological traits and grain yield of wheat an experiment was conducted as strip-plot based on complete randomized blocks design (CRBD) with three replications. The horizontal factor were irrigation treatments (IR1: full irrigation, IR2: cutting irrigation at grain dough stage and IR3: cutting irrigation at grain milk stage) and the vertical factor were foliar application of nitrogen as urea (N1: control, N2: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at flowering stage, N3: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at milk stage and N4: foliar application of 20 kg. ha-1 urea at flowering and milk stage). Based on the results only the effect of irrigation treatments on grain yield was significant and the highest (5077 kg. ha-1) and the lowest (3945 kg. ha-1) amount of grain yield obtained in full irrigation and cutting irrigation at grain milk stage, respectively. Effects of irrigation and interaction of treatments on relative water content was significant. Effects of interaction of treatments on leaf chlorophyll were significant. The main effect of irrigation treatment on canopy temperature and hectoliter weight was significant and the highest and the lowest values of these traits observed in full irrigation and IR3 treatments, respectively. The experimental treatments and interaction of treatments significantly affect grain protein content and decreasing irrigation resulted in increasing grain protein content. The highest value of grain protein content observed by cutting irrigation at grain milk stage and foliar application of urea at flowering stage (IR3N2) whereas the lowest percentage of protein content observed in full irrigation and no application of urea (IR1N1). Although by cutting the irrigation, protein content in both of treatments (IR2 and IR3) increased but by considering the grain yield it seems that cutting irrigation at grain dough stage is more suitable.

Nowadays, the application of antioxidant and osmotic regulator substances is discussed in order to reduce the negative effects of various stresses. Ascorbate and methanol as the one of these substances cause resistant to stresses in plant. In order to examine this subject in medicinal plant of Nigella sativa L., an split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design was conducted in three replications in University of Shahrood in 2011. The main factor was irrigation levels (8 and 16 day intervals as no stress and severe stress) and sub factors were foliar application of methanol (0, 15 and 30 %V) and ascorbate (0, 10 and 20 mM). Foliar applications of treatments were applied 45 and 55 days after planting. The results indicated that dry matter accumulation in leaf and stem, 1000 seed weight, number of secondary branches in plant, relative water content and membrane stability index were decreased by water deficit stress significantly. Foliar application of ascorbate and methanol especially in the highest concentration increased all traits except 1000 seed weight in stress and no-stress conditions. The higher amount of relative water content and membrane stability index were obtained from the highest concentrations of ascorbate and methanol together. Also, oil yield increased 27. 8 percentage in this treatment. Therefore, combination of 20 Mm ascorbate and 30 %V methanol is advisable.

To study the effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid foliar application on yield and specification of corn under drought stress, an experiment was performed in Khoy during 2013-2014 as split plot on the basis of randomized complete blocks design in four replications. Main factor: drought stress through irrigation after 75± 5 and 150± 5 mm evaporation on Pan. Sub factor was including of foliar application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in 100, 200 and 300 mg. lit-1 and control treatment (non-foliar application). Effect of year was significant only on RWC. Drought stress had significantly effect on fresh forage yield, chlorophyll a, b and chlorophyll a+b. Foliar application had significantly effect on all characters. Interactions effect of year and foliar application were significant on fresh forage yield and chlorophyll a. 100 mg. lit-1 salicylic acid foliar application in 2013 with an average of 74. 46 t ha-1 and non-foliar application in 2014 with an average of 59. 47 t ha-1 had maximum and minimum of fresh forage yield. Maximum and minimum of chlorophyll a were in 300 mg. lit-1 ascorbic acid foliar application in 2014 and non-foliar application in 2013. Interaction of drought stress and foliar application had only significantly effect on fresh forage yield. 100 mg. lit-1 salicylic acid foliar application in normal irrigation treatment (80. 82 t ha-1) and non-foliar application in drought irrigation treatment (52. 74 t ha-1) produced maximum and minimum fresh forage yield, respectively.

In order to study the effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and sulfur fertilizer on some morphological and yield traits of fenugreek, a split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at research field of Islamic Azad University, Birjand branch in 2013. The main plots were 5 and 10 day irrigation intervals. The subplots were combination of two rates of humic acid (0 and 10 L. ha-1) and four types of sulfur fertilizer (control or no application, bentonit containing, humic containing and urea with sulfur cover). In this study plant height, branch number of main stem, pod length, 1000– seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index of seed were evaluated. The results showed that increasing irrigation interval from 5 to 10 day significantly reduced plant height, pod length, 1000– seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index of seed by 19. 9, 20. 9, 34. 6, 37. 4, 34. 4 and 16. 7%, respectively. Also humic acid application (10 L. ha-1) significantly increased all measured traits by 10. 3, 13. 5, 15. 5, 42. 8, 47. 7, 85. 2 and 42%, respectively. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on the measured traits was not significant. Also, interaction of irrigation and humic acid was significant on plant height, 1000– seed weight, biological yield and harvest index. In general, 5 day irrigation intervals and acid humic application (10 L. ha-1) is recommended for fenugreek cultivation in Birjand.

In order to study of water deficit stress and application of zinc fertilizer and two strains of rhizobacteria including Pseudomonas putida (Sp) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Sf) on morphophysiological traits and seed yield of maize, an experiment was carried out as split plot-factorial design based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Mahvalat, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran in 2012. Irrigation intervals of 6, 9 and 12 day were as main plots and rhizobacteria (non inoculation, Sp and Sf) and Zinc fertilizer (0 and 50 kg Zinc sulphate ha-1) were as sub plots. Plant height, stem diameter, ear diameter and length, leaf rolling index, relative water content and seed yield were evaluated. The results indicated that water deficit stress decreased significantly all mentioned above traits. Also, PGPR inoculation increased all traits except in leaf rolling index. Zinc sulphate application significantly increased plant height, ear length and seed yield. As irrigation intervals increased from 6 to 12 day, leaf rolling index increased 3. 2 time and seed yield decreased 57. 3%, but zinc sulphate and Pseudomonas bacteria application significantly decreased leaf rolling index and significantly increased seed yield. Seed yield significantly affected by double interaction. In conclusion, zinc sulphate application and seed inoculation by Pseudomonas can be recommended for maize cultivation, especially in semi-arid and arid conditions.

In order to study of vermicompost and nano chelate fertilizer effects on yield and yield components of peanut, split-plot experiment in randomized complete blocks design with three replications was carried out in Astkhrbyjar, Astaneashrafie, in 2014. Main factor was vermicompost (0, 6 and 12 tons. ha-1) and sub factor spraying of nano chelate fertilizer (control, Fe, Zn and Fe+Zn). The results showed that there is significant difference between levels of vermicompost in seed weight per plant and 100 seed weight. The maximum seed weight per plant was observed in 6 ton. ha-1 vermicompost and 100 seed weight in 12 ton. ha-1. It was observed that significant difference between levels of nano chelate fertilizer in number of pods per plant, pod yield, seed yield, seed length and 100 seed weight. Maximum seed yield and number of pod per plant was observed in combining of Fe and Zn nano chelate and pod yield and 100 seed weight in combining of Fe and Zn nano chelate and Fe nano chelate. Therefore, vermicompost treatment had no significant effect on seed yield while it was effective on seed weight per plant and 100 seed weight. In general, spraying the combining of Fe and Zn nano chelate is suggested as suitable fertility management for peanut grown under the similar region conditions.

Citrus is one of the subtropical evergreen trees that are sensitive to freezing stress. Therefore, in this study, the vulnerability of six native genotypes of like-lime (1-6 number) in compare with control tolerant variety of Unshiu and sensitive variety of Persian lime (to low temperature) were studied under controlled condition to low temperature stress (3, 0,-3 and-6° C). Experiment was done through factorial in a completely randomized design. Analysis of variance showed that interaction between genotype and temperature, leaf water soaking, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, proline content and antioxidant capacity were significant. It was while that, total carbohydrates, chlorophyll a, b, total and carotenoids have not significant differences. Therefore, the highest leaf water soaking (91. 628%), electrolyte leakage (99. 3%) and lipid peroxidation (3. 32 μ gr/gr FW) were recorded in control sensitive plant (Persian lime) at-6° C temperature. While, the highest proline content (32. 006 mg. gr-1 leaf fresh weight) and antioxidant capacity (73. 36%) were observed in control tolerant plant (Unshiu) at-3° C temperature. Total carbohydrate, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll, were significantly different only under the influence of genotype factor. Maximum amount of chlorophyll a (2. 359 mg. gr-1 leaf fresh weight), total chlorophyll (2. 932 mg. gr-1 leaf fresh weight) and total carbohydrate (33. 486 mg. gr-1 leaf fresh weight) were measured in control tolerant plant (Unshiu). Among the six native genotypes of like-lime studied, different reactions were recorded in low temperature stress. So that, after control tolerant plant (Unshiu), native genotypes like-lime No. 6 showed better resistance against low temperature stress. In contrast, native genotype like-lime No 2 in often destructive characteristics in this study, were at the same statistical rank or close to control sensitive plant (Persian lime). Thus native genotype like-lime No 2, compared to 5 native genotype like-limes, more sensitive to low temperature stress.

In order to determine some effective traits on dry forage yield of forage sorghum under different levels of nitrogen and zinc sulfate applications, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications was conducted in Agricultural Research Station in Dehloran town located in north of Ilam Province during summer of 2016-17. Three levels of nitrogen including: 0. 100 and 200 kg. ha-1 of urea fertilizer was arranged in main plots and zinc sulfate applications including: 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg. ha-1 in sub plots. The effect of nitrogen and zinc sulfate was significant on all of studied traits except leaf numbers. The interaction effect of these treatments was significant only on forage fresh weight and stem diameter. Results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that leaf dry weight, plant height, leaf number, tiller number, stem diameter and digestible dry matter had the most influence on dry forage yield. Their influences accounted for 88% of sorghum dry forage variances. Results of stepwise regression indicated that leaf dry weight (60%), tiller number per plant (22%) and stem diameter (20%) included 85% of total forage yield variances. In general, these results showed that to obtain the desirable forage yield of sorghum, the fertilizers must be managing typically that maintained the leaves dry weight, tiller numbers and stem diameter in suitable levels.

In order to study the effect of different sowing dates and planting densities of female parent on yield and seed quality of hybrid maize KSC704, an experiment was conducted as split plot during two years of 2012 and 2013 in Karaj. Sowing dates was selected as early, medium and late planting. Plant densities selected in five levels for female parent B73. After harvesting the seeds that pollinated by male parent, yield and its components, laboratory germination, seed emergence in the field, mean emergence time (MET) and dry weight of emerged seedling was evaluated. The results showed that sowing date and plant density had significant effect on these traits in both years. The highest yield obtained by early planting date and plant density above 50000 plants per hectare. The yield and its components in the first year (6130kg. ha-1) were greater than the second year (4990 kg. ha-1). The highest percentage of normal seedlings was observed in late sowing date and 40000 plants per hectare in both years. Because of heat stress in the second year, the average indices of seed quality at the first year were higher than the second year, except in MET. In general, to prevent the harmful effects of environmental stress, especially heat stress at the critical stages of seed development, and for enhancement the seed quality, delaying at sowing date and plant population of 50000 per hectare might be recommended.

Plant density is an important factor influencing light interception by plants. An experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Farm of Islamic Azad university of Dezfolin during 2013-2014. The experiment design was factorial arranged in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Treatments were plant densities (4. 5, 5. 5, 6. 5 and 7. 5 plants/m2) and two sunflower cultivars (Shahroodi and Domsefid). The results showed that the effect of plant density was significant on leaf area index (LAI), radiation use efficiency (RUE), grain yield, extinction coefficient (K) and light interception (LI). The highest LAI and RUE were 4. 24 and 1. 92 (Mj/m2/s-1) in Shahroodi cultivar, respectively. The highest K and LI in Domsefid cultivar were 0. 137 and 43. 4% respectively. In general, increase in plant density in both cultivars resulted in increasing the RUE. The highest grain yield obtained in Domsefid cultivar and 6. 5 plants/m2 (5249. 9 kg. ha-1).

Since rice, the staple food of more than half of the world's supply, the relationship between the numbers of different characteristics of this plant with yield, a randomized complete blocks experiment with three replicates and ten rice cultivars at the Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources Kohgiluyeh and Boyer was conducted in 2015. Eleven traits include: chlorophyll, length, width and surface of the leaf, stem, root and ear length, grain weight, grain length and grain yield were evaluated. The results of analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference between genotypes in chlorophyll properties, level and length of leaf, seed weight, length and width of grain and grain yield. Study of correlation showed that there was a significant positive correlation between seed yield and chlorophyll properties, leaf area, panicle length. The results of factor analysis by Varimax method identified five hidden factors that explained 86. 75% of the total variation. Classification of genotypes using cluster analysis using Ward's minimum variance, figures in Euclidean distance was 16 in 3 different classes classification. According to the results of this study it can be created to select the appropriate parental genotypes of dwarf and early high-yield, for contrast stresses abiotic and lodging from the intersection of the strange and urban genotypes of Ludab with Hassanarai.

In order to investigate the relationships between leaf area (LA) with leaf dry weight ( LDW), total dry weight of vegetative organs (leaf + stem)(TDWV), total plant leaf number (TPLN) and plant height (PH); two field experiments were conducted at Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Ramhormoz Branch during 2006-2008 with 13 bread wheat cultivars (Atrak, Bayat, Chamran, Chenab, Dez, Ineia, Kavir, Marvdasht, Shiraz and S78-18) and two durum wheat (Yavaroos and shova-Mald) cultivars. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with four replications. Various equations including linear and none-linear equations were used to describe relationships between leaf area and mentioned characteristics. The best results were obtained with linear form power equation {ln(Y)=ln(a)+bln(x)}. Results showed that there was no significant difference between cultivars in respect to coefficients of allometric relationships. Therefore, one equation was used for all cultivars in both years. Y=219. 2X0. 96(R2=0. 99) equation showed very good description of the estimation of leaf area (Y) Using LDW (X). Also according to Y=84. 77X0. 6 (R2=0. 92) equation, leaf area using data of TDWV (X) was well estimated. Although relationship between LA and PTLN was suitable but LA was estimated with less precision compared to LDW and TDWV (Y=1. 34X1. 57, R2=0. 89). Estimation of leaf area using data of PH was not well estimated. It was concluded that the equations could be used for estimation of leaf area especially when the leaf area meter device is not available or can be used in simulation models of wheat.

In order to evaluate the competitive effect of castor bean with redroot pigweed at different levels of plant densities, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design was conducted in three replications in Agricultural Research of West Azarbayjan in Urmia in 2011. The first factor was different densities of castor bean in five levels 0 (pure stand of pigweed), 3, 4, 5 and 6 plant. m-² , and the second factor was three levels of redroot pigweed 0 (pure stand of castor), 5, 10 and 15 plant. m-² . Results showed that with increasing pigweed density, castor bean grain yield (20-38%), oil percent (39%), and plant height (32%) decreased compare to pure culture. The maximum amount of leaf dry weight (58. 7g. m-2), stem dry weight (49. 3g. m-2), number of branches (5. 3), and plant height (44. 9cm) belonged to pure stand of pigweed, that decreased by increasing castor bean density. With increasing pigweed density, leaf area index in pure culture reached to the highest level (1. 44) which was 50% higher than 15 plant/m2 of pigweed, and 6 plant. m-² of castor bean. The highest (157cm) and the lowest (107 cm) plant height of castor bean attained at 6 and 3 plants per m2, respectively. Therefore increasing in pigweed density decreased grain yield and oil yield. The amount of this reduction was related to pigweed density.

To investigate the effect of tillage methods on weed population dynamics in three wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted in 2014 in Khan khamis, Dashte Siakh Fars province. Experimental design was split plot in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Tillage methods including conventional tillage (plowing, disc), reduced tillage (plowing apparatus combined) and no tillage (direct seeding using a seed drill) as main plots and three cultivars include Pishtaz, chamran and Shirudi cultivars as sub plots. The results showed that the effect of tillage systems and the interaction between tillage systems and weed density, on weeds population of narrow and wide leaves variety in various stages of wheat were significant. While the effect of cultivar on density of narrow leaf weeds in all stages of growth and broadleaf weeds in tillering stage were not significant. The effect of tillage systems on weed broad and narrow leaf dry weight was significant. In general, the highest dry weight of weeds were broadleaf weeds without tillage systems.

In order to estimate the density of weed seeds in soil seed bank of citrus orchards of Bandar-Gaz township and providing the distribution map of them, 95 orchards were selected and their soil seed bank were determined at two depths (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) in 2014. Geographic coordinates of each orchard were determined using GPS. These data were used for mapping of different weed species using ArcGIS 10 software. On average, 2555. 31 and 1346. 65 seeds per kg of soil were found at 0-10 cm and 10-20cm depths, respectively. Seeds of 25 weed species belonging to 17 families were observed in Citrus orchards. Poaceae family with 5 species, Solanaceae, Polygonaceae and Euphorbiaceae families, each one with 2 species were important families that contributed in the seed bank of citrus orchards. Amaranthus spp., Solanum nigrum, Physalis alkekengi, Stellaria media and Portulaca oleraceawere important species observed in the soil seed bank of citrus orchards. Seed density of Amaranthus spp., Solanum nigrum, Physalis alkekengi, Stellaria media and Portulaca oleracea were 20 to16310, 0 to 670, 0 to 650, 0 to 5280 and 0 to 18470 seeds per kg of soil, respectively. Survey the maps of the distribution of these species showed that the above species have expanded in the orchards of the city from East to West. Seed densities of the broadleaf and annual species were higher than the grasses and perennial species. Frequency of the broadleaf and the annual species were priority on the grasses and perennial species. Shanon index at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm were 0-0. 8 and 0-0. 74 respectively. Results indicated that species diversity was low in citrus orchards. Based on these results, citrus orchards in Bandar-e-Gaz township were infested only a few weed species.

Valerianasi symbriifolia has been used as soothing nerves and eliminating insomnia. This research was conducted to identify some ecological characteristics of this species and efforts to farming in order to conservation of the species in the natural habitat. Habitat characteristics of this species such as climate, soil were studied. As well as associated species phenology and biometric characteristics of the population of the species were determined. The seeds of the species were collected and the effects of different tested on germination were studied. This species distributed at 1850 meters above sea level in the northern slope of the KamKuiye mountains of Bahabad city of the Yazd. The climate of this site is cold and dry based on Emberger method. The soil experiments indicated sandy loam texture, non-saline, with neutral to alkaline pH and low organic material for growth of Valerian. Also the regeneration of this species is well done and its vegetative growth time is from early April until late July. Juniperus, Amygdalusscoparia, Lonicera, Dionysia and Cotoneatster present as associate species in habitat of this species, indicating moisture need and mountainous areas for this species. The results also showed that gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate and cooling treatments used in most concentrations did not have significant effects on increasing of seeds germination of this species compared to control. The results of this study can be used to develop this medicinal species in areas with similar ecological conditions for conservation and using of this species.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Mycorrhizal Fungi on growth characteristics and nutrient uptake in three apple cultivars. Experiment was done as split plot on the basis of randomized complete blocks design in eight replications. The treatments were consisted of four levels of Mycorrhiza (0, 70, 100 and 120 grams per pot) and three cultivars of apples (‘ Red Delicious’ , ‘ Golden Delicious’ and ‘ Starking’ ). Some characteristics consisted of leaf area, leaf number, plant height and diameter, fresh and dry weight of leaves, chlorophyll a and b, phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc and copper were measured. The results showed that the use of Mycorrhizal fungi in the apple growth media, significantly increased plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf number and chlorophyll a and b compared to the control. Inoculation of AM fungi was not significant on leaf N status and decreased leaf P content of apple plantlets but leaf N and P uptake were increased compared to non-inoculated. Application of AM fungi decreased Fe and Zn content of leaves. The highest Fe and Zn leaf uptake was obtained in ‘ Red delicious’ treated by 70 g AMF fertilizer per pot. According to the results, 70 gr Mycorrhizal per pot had more effect to vegetative growth and nutrient uptake of apple plantlets and is advised for apple plantlets.

This study was carried out to adaptability evaluation of 50 grapevine varieties introduced from Russia from 2008 to 2013 in Qazvin and Urmia provinces. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Three superior grapevine clones of white Bidaneh were as control in both areas. The Corden bilateral training system was used in 2×3. 5 m space planning and two vines in each experimental unit in the both areas. Measurement traits were: yield per plant, length and width of berry, total soluble solids of juice (TSS), juice pH, juice titratable acid (TA) and harvest time of. Combined analysis of variance and adaptability analysis was performed on the base of GGE Biplot principal components analysis of the environment scaling method. Statistical analysis was done by GenStat ver. 12 computer software. The effects of the environments, varieties and environments × varieties were significant in the combined analysis of variance. The adaptability of Zenbil 13-366 and Ljana was higher than other varieties on the base of yield components in Qazvin. Ruski Ramphi had higher adaptability than other varieties in Urmia region. Yoski biser, Bobili magaracha and Ramphi Izdangareh had the most inappropriate situation on the base of yield components in two areas.

Although Zn is an essential element for plants, but it is poisonous in high concentrations and affect growth disturbance. This study was performed in 2013 to investigated the effects of different concentration (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/L) of the Zn and also done a fixed amount (750mg) of SNP on growth and some physiological parameters in Pinus eldarica. Results showed the accumulation of Zn (without SNP) in root, stem and leaves increased when concentration of Zn in soil increased. The most were measured in root (538. 80mg/kg) and the lowest in leaves (105. 73mg/kg). Different concentration of Zn did not significantly effect on chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, MDA, and proline but increased soluble sugar in root and leaves. Also, SNP increased concentration of Zn in soil significantly increased in the root, stem, leaf and root and the most content were in root (662. 36 mg/kg) and the lowest in leaves (46. 16 mg/kg). These treatments caused a significant increase in leaf proline and MDA. In general, due to the good resistance in 400 ml/l concentration and also the better accumulations in roots rather than shoots in Pinus eldarica, can use as refinement in pollutant soils. It is also recommended to evaluate the highest level of accumulation on this species in higher concentrations.

In this study, twelve quantitative and qualitative morphological traits were used to determine the relationships among several species of wild Rose (Rosa L. ). To determine the relationship of the morphological characteristics species multivariate analysis were used. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 18 and different methods of multivariate statistical analysis including cluster analysis (Ward) and ordination (PCA) was used and the results of morphological studies and diagnostic characters obtained in the analysis. Principal component analysis was introduced two main components, in which, in the first component, plant height, size and condition of the plant thorns, has a high rate and positive coefficients. Results grouped by Cluster Analysis (CA) were well correlated with the results of principal components analysis and a variety of different traits based on the similarities and differences between species are well separated from each other and this could help identify and classify morphological different species of this genus in systematic application.