IRANIAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND PLANT BREEDING
Year:2009 | Volume:5 | Issue:1|Papers Count:10

To evaluate yield, components of yield of chickpea in different planting dates at field experiment of Mahidasht near Kermanshah was conducted. This experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with four replications in spilt plot arrangement. The main factor was planting date and variety was considered as subplot factor. Varieties including ILC482, Hashem (Flip84-48 C) and Arman and sowing date were November 11 (autumn), December 11(winter) and March 11(spring). For measurement of yield and components of yield at the end of growth Period were measured Effect of planting date on plant height, distance of first sub-branch from the soil surface, distance of first pod from the soil surface number of sub-branch in plant, number of pod in the main branch number of pod in the sub branch, number of pod in the plant, number of seed in the main branch, number of seed in the sub-branch, number of seed in the plant, weight of seed in main branch ,weight of seed in the sub-branch, weight of seed in the plant, seed yeld, and biological yield shoxved significant differences. In general, the highest yield of grain belongs to Hashem variety. The highest yield (96.43 gr/m2), belongs to planting date in November 11(Autumn) and the least yield (43.55 gr/m2), belongs to planting date in march 11(Spring). The variety showed significant differences plant height, distance of first sub-branch from the soil, number of sub-branch in the plant, number of pod in the main branch number of podip the sub-branch, number of pod in the plant, number of seed in the main branch, number of seed in the plant, Weight of seed in the main branch, Weight of seed in the plant, number of a hundred seeds in main branch, number of a hundred seeds in the plant, and grain yield. The greatest yield related to Hashem variety with the rate of 80.03 gr/m2, and the least related to Arman variety with the rate of 77.53 gr/m2, and also the interaction effect of variety and planting date on the character such as plant height, distance of first sub-branch from the soil surface, number of sub-branch in the plant, number of pod in the sub-branch, number of pod in the plant, number of seed in the main branch, number of seed in the plant, weight of seed in the main branch, weight of seed in the plant, weight of a hundred seeds in the main branch, weight of a hundred seeds in the main plant, and seed yield showed significant differences.

Concerning agricultural productivity, land salinity is one of the major problems in Iran. In fact, a soil is called saline when it has an extract electrical conductivity testing index of higher than 2 ds/m. Sugarcane is ranked as a plant with a salinity threshold of 1.7 ds/m and with a varying sensitivity level ranging from moderate to sensitive. Sugarcane with suitable salts reduces the harmful side effects of salinity by making appropriate minerals. We should bear in mind that there is a significant negative relationship between land salinity increase and sugarcane growth and production. Studies done in Haft Tapeh region, 'seven hills', Show that sugarcane production rate fluctuates depending on the density of soil salinity. For instance, sugarcane growth is not affected in a soil with salinity up to 2ds/m, but the yield loss is greatly observed when the soil salinity grows upper than 4ds/m. Salinity tension has also adverse impacts on the growth of sugarcane. On the one hand, while it decreases the percentage of the reducing substances (RS), it increases the rate of molasses. Regarding the reduction of growth parameters and the corresponding effects of salinity and variety, sugarcane varieties show significant differences in their growth and outputs. In resistant cultivars, the value of K+ and the soluble sugar in them are considerably more, but the amount of their proline is less than those of the sensitive cultivars. Studies done in terms of age show that the ratoon fields are much more sensitive to salinity phenomenon as such the yield reduction indicates a linear relationship to EC increase and the intensity of such a relationship in the fields with the new culture is less than the ratoon. This field experiment was carried out in Amir Kabir Agroindustrial Company during 2002-2003 culture periods. The experimental cultivars CP69, CP48, CP57, and CP70 were of S. officinarum types. In dry climates, a great part of the water, required for plants irrigation to be supplied, has a large amount of insoluble salt. Salinity control has always been an important iss\le in irrigation management. To do this, an optimal irrigation-managements required. It should be noted that high quality water is not always easily accessible; therefore, soil EC increase is something definitive particularly regarding the sugar high irrigation volume, about 30000m3/ha/y, and the special atmospheric conditions (high evaporation and perspiration rate) in, Khuzestan province. Furthermore, the studies already done in the above-stated region show that the per ton straw in terms of unit increase in EC (ds/m) has resulted in 3.9 tons product failure (r= -0.863). On the other hand, the average percentage (10.88%) of sugar production has been associated with the mean EC of 3.59 ds/m. The effect of sugar reduction in the first quarter of the harvest season was equivalent to 0.613 RS per unit increase in salinity, while it was 0.231 RS in the second quarter. All in all, decreasing trend of 0.416 RS per unit increase in EC indicates the reduction of the quality of sugarcane syrup as well as the increase in soil salinity. From the above-stated studies, it can be inferred that the decreasing trend of syrup quality in proportion to its salinity has been more in the beginning of the harvest season, but this trend could be gradually slowed down if it is precisely managed. Depending on such factors as regional soil texture, drainage conditions, Aystaby level, quality of irrigation water and underground water salinity in terms of rate, cultivated varieties production differences pop up.

In other to study the effect of Iron spraying times on seed yield and yield components of Rapeseed cultivars in Shahr-e-Rey. An experiment carried out in factorial design in the basis of randomized complete blocks with 4 replications in 2007. Iron spraying time with 4/1000 concentration per hectare in 3 levels (Non spraying, spraying in stem elongation stage, Spraying in early flowering stage and Spraying in stem elongation stage and early flowering stage) and Rapeseed cultivars in 3 levels, Okapi, Licord and Opera considered. The variance analysis showed that instead of interaction effect of Iron spraying and cultivars on 1000 seed weight In other cases single and interaction effect of Iron spraying, cultivars and interaction effect between them on pods per plant, seed number per pod, 1000 seed weight-and seed yield had significant difference at %1 level. The results of cultivar mean cultivar paring showed that Licord with 3923.06 Kg/ha and Opera with 3286.56 Kg/ha had maximum and minimum amounts of seed yield in average 3 levels of Iron Spraying time. Effect of Iron spraying time, on seed yield showed that application of these elemenfs in stem elongation stage and-early flowering stage with 3953.25 Kg/ha and non-application with 3140.25 gained to maximum and minimum amounts of seed yield. Mean comparison of interaction effect between Iron time application and cultivars showed that application of this essential element in two mentioned stage in Licord with 4454 Kg/ha and non application of that in Opera with of 2787 Kg/ha produced highest and lowest seed yield Maximum amounts of all yield component observed in two stage Iron spraying time and in cultivars Licord, Modena and Opera alternatively.

To examine the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis in increasing drought resistance in two genotypes of grain sorghum the study was carried out split factorial in complete randomized blokes whit three replicates in 1385 at research site of Azad University Faculty of Agriculture in Mahdasht, Karaj. Hydric stress was the main factor. Sorghum genotypes and mycorrhiza were the two secondary factors. Hydric stress measured as the evaporation levels of water (evaporation) basin at: (T1) 50 mm, (T2) 100 mm, and (T3) 150 mm. Sorghum genotypes were: (V1) K.G.S.W.17 (Karaj Grain Sorghum White 17) and (V2) K.G.S.O.36 (Karaj Grain Sorghum Orange 36). Mycorrhiza was factored in as (m0) for no application of mycorrhiza and (ml) for application of mycorrhiza. Hydric stress was introduced when plants reached a height of about 50 cm. The result of the study showed that increased hydric stress effect in reduction 1000- seed weight and number of clusters in area (at statistically significance level of 1%), as well as the colonization of root system and grain yield (at statistically significance level of 5%). Applying mycorrhiza resulted in 'Significant increases in, 1000-grainweight, grain yield and number of clusters in area (p < 0.01). Applying genotype factor resulted in significant increases in grain yield, number of clusters in area, 1000-grain weight (p < 0.01).The result of this study showed that hydric stress had decreasing effect on the level of yield and yield component of two grain sorghum genotypes and the application of mycorrhiza can compensate for a part of the reduced yield.

In order to efficacy evaluation of old and new herbicides in weed management of maize filed this excrement was conducted in 2007 at researches filed of agriculture department of Azad university branch of Arak. The experimental design was randomized complete block whit 18 treatments. Treatments consisted of a Atrazin (pre plant), Atrazin (pre emergence), Atrazin + 2.4-D +MCPA (post emergence), 2.4- D+MCPA (post emergence), Atrazin + Allacolor (pre plant), Atrazin + Allacolor (pre emergence), Allacolor (pre plant), Allacolor (pre .emergence), Rimsulfurone (post emergence), Nicosulfurone (post emergence), Foram sulfur one (post emergence), Boromicide (post emergence), Amicarbasome (post emergence), Allacolor + 2.4- D+MCPA (pre plant + post emergence); Allacolor + 2.4D+MCPA (pre emergence + post emergence), Allacolor + Boromicide (pre plant + post emergence), Allacolor + Boromicide (pre emergence + post emergence) and full season hand remove. Indicators was measured are included: weed biomass ana population of weed species,i5 and 45 day after herbicide applications and bush height, ear maize number, ear maize on bush, ear maize Wight, seed row in ear maize, seed on row, leant of the seed row in a ear maize, percent of ear maize empty, ear maize diameter, lent of ear maize wood, depth of the seed maize, Wight of the ear maize wood, Wight of on thousand seed and seed yield. Results of this research show that Nicosulforon controlled broad leaves and grass weed satisfactory, highest yield maize seed was related to Nicosoulforon after full season hand remove and lowest yield of seed belongs to 02.4-D + MCPA. Totally, Nicosulforon was suitable herbicide in weed management of maize filed in alternation replacement of old herbicide.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of drought stress on four wheat varieties (SHIRAZ, CHAMRAN, PISHTAZ and NICNEJAD), this research was performed under field condition at Islamic Azad University of Shahriar-Shahr-e-Gods branch in 2006-2007. In field experiments, certified varieties were planted in a split plot design with four replications as main plot was consist of two levels of irrigations (100% FC and 50% FC) and varieties were in split plots. results showed that that effect of drought stress on plant height, number of seed, weight of 1000 seed, seed yield, Harvest index, Spike length, number of seeds in spike, number of spike, weight of spike, biological yield were significant. Mean Compare seed yield under drought stress showed that varieties had higher economic yield in non-stress with 4374.8 kg/ha and 4628.4 kg in 2007 and 2008 in compare with drought stress. and NICNIZHAD and CHAMRAN had higher yield than other varieties in drought stress and also treatments under normal stress were higher that treatments under drought condition. It was resulted is, that Chamran varieties had more biological yield in compare with other cultivars.

This experiment was carried out in farm of Damavand in 2006 using factorial randomized complete block design with three replication. The factor was three levels of nitrogen fertilizers: N1 = No application of N, N2= application of 100 kg/ha, N3= application of 200 kg/ha of nitrogen with four levels of varieties: VI = Olpro, V2= SLM046, V3= Elvis, V4= Opera and four densities: D1= 30m2, D2= 40m2, D3= 50m2, D4= 60m2. In this evaluation, most stage of plant phonology such as plant height, pod number in plant, Seed number in pod, 1000 seed weight and seed yield were measured. Results showed that Elvis with mean yield 4667 kg/ha and Olpro with mean 1000 seed weight 3.912 gr had superior points. Interaction of VIN3, N3D2 and VID2 was higher all than other levels in 1000 seed yield. Interaction of V3N3 , N2D3 and V3D2 was higher all than other levels in seed yield and interaction VN and ND had significant effect on seed yield and 1000 seed weight %1 level.

This experiment was conducted in Educational-Research Agriculture of the Islamic Azad University (IAU), Saveh Branch, in 2007-08 farming year, aimed at the examination of the vascular transfer system in the main rachis of the wheat spike in three types of wheat cultivars including; Atrak, Pishtaz and Veery as a randomized complete blocks design. In this experiment, the internodes of the spike besides the manner of their distribution were examined. Results of this study indicate a significant 1:1 relationship between the spike lets on the rachis and the number of central vascular bundles in the lower part of the rachis. The number of central vascular bundles on the rachis, decreased acropetaly. This decrease regarding the central vascular bundles was averagely 0.5 of vessels in each internode between the internodes 1-4 (the lower part of the rachis), and averagely 1.2 of vessels between 5-14 internodes (central part of the rachis) and from the internode 15 to the terminal (upper part of the rachis) the average was about 0.7 of the central vessel. The size of vascular bundles on the length of the rachis decreased in the form of a special model, in a manner that the highest size of the vascular bundles were related to the central part of the rachis and then in lower and upper parts, respectively. There was also noticed a positive correlation between the number and weight of the grains in relation to the grains and size of the vascular bundles allocated to each spikelet on the length of the rachis, in a manner that the spikelet’s located in the central part of the spike, accuping the maximum average of weight and number of grains, had the highest number and size of central vascular bundles in this, part as compared to other parts of the rachis.