Journal of Rescue and Relief
Year:2018 | Volume:10 | Issue:1 (37) |Papers Count:8

Background: Natural and manmade disasters planning and organizing are especially important in crisis management of urban land use. In addition, educational sections are more sensitive among urban land use. However, students and staff in school and educational centers are the main human capital of a county or region that should be in the top priority of relief efforts in crisis management and emergency evacuation programs. Method: In this documentary and analytical survey, data are categorized in both fundamental and management indicators. About 142 schools in Isfahan educational secondary districts have been surveyed during a five-month period. The information has been analyzed after classifying, computing, plotting the chart in SPSS by using the leveling formula. In addition, maps are drawing in ArcGIS. Findings: The findings showed that the schools reviewed were not well positioned due to fundamental indicators and their vulnerability to potential crises is high. In other words, in ten fundamental indicators, only population distribution and heating systems were appropriate and the other indicators were not appropriate in these centers. Among the 142 schools, just 33 schools have enough management standards and 109 remaining schools have no standards. Conclusion: The results indicated that that resilience of school in Isfahan educational secondary districts is low due to fundamental indicators. On the other hand, these centers did not have enough management standards therefore have high vulnerability. Eventually, due to all criteria (both fundamental and management indicators) the situation of schools studied is inappropriate, vulnerable, and critical.

Background: Today, communities are looking for conditions to provide a quick return to the pre-crisis situation by changing crisis management approaches. Although it cannot be completely prevented from hazards occurring, it can be reduced the damages and improved by taking actions. The most important features that change the amount of damage is the social characteristics of residents who affected by hazard. Different situations make communities vulnerable against hazards. The social characteristics of affected residents are the most important features that change the amount of damage. Hence, areas and vulnerable individuals must be identified for proper planning and mitigation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the social vulnerability and social resilience in district two of Tehran province. Method: This applied and descriptive-analytical research has been investigated in two parts: social vulnerability and social resilience. In first section, the vulnerability limits were identified using 15 indicators and weighting with DEMATEL technique and overlapping with Vikor method in ArcGIS in vulnerable areas. In the next section, the viewpoints of 384 inhabitants in district two were collected in relation to social capital indicators using questionnaire. Data were analyzed based on second order confirmatory factor analysis in Lisrel software. Findings: The results indicated that 151 hectares are in a very high social vulnerability zone and 314 hectares of the area are included in a very low vulnerability. The results in resilience part showed that social protection with coefficient 1 has the highest coefficient among the indices after that the correlation index and social cohesion, the sense of effectiveness and efficiency index, participation index, trust index, knowledge with coefficient of 0. 95, 0. 87, 0. 84, 0. 81 and 0. 47 were obtained the lowest coefficient respectively. Conclusion: The results can be used in risk reduction and resilience programs. Urban managers and authorities in Tehran district two should take measures to improve the situation of vulnerable groups and to enhance features such as partnership, cooperation, and accountability among citizens with awareness and training. In general, the empowerment and resilience approach should be placed at the top priority of risk reduction programs.

Background: Paying attention to the operational processes of emergency or crisis management has widened in the country that can be cited the legal requirements of the prospectus document at 1404 horizons and the policies of the system related to establishing responsible organizations for crisis management. Business Continuity Management Systems (BCMS) with the requirements of ISO 22301 are factors reducing potential hazards for key activities of the municipality of Tehran. This research describes the standard challenges in the municipality of Tehran's district. Method: In this descriptive-applied research, crisis cases are identified by using questionnaires, interviews, and group seminars through Delphi method. In the following, the important events of crisis were identified based on the relative weighting indicator by analyzing the consequences Business Impact Analysis (BIA) in four major missions such as safety, health, credibility of the organization, and citizens' dissatisfaction. At the final stage of Delphi, the consensus reached its ultimate goal and the unacceptable risk determined by assessing the probability of occurrence and severity of events. Findings: The results showed that the average score was more than mean, if the subject's score on Likert scale was higher than the median, the attitude toward the subject is considered positive. At 99% confidence level, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was significant (p-value=0. 05). Therefore, a nonparametric test should be used. Spearman correlation coefficients were the largest among the research variables (0. 559). In the risk analysis section, the risk number of disruptive events of vital activity was derived from the probability and severity of the event between 1 to 16. Conclusion: By analyzing the outcomes of Business Impact Analysis ((BIA) from six main operating factors of organization services such as violation of laws, financial damages, environment, social and security consequences, organizational credibility, possible risk of any outcome at stopping the activity is calculated by considering the probability of occurrence and velocity of the event. In order to achieve the first priority of municipality activities, with the Delphi method, in several steps, priorities out of 208 critical activities fell to 56 and 38 respectively. Finally, a final agreement was reached on the 10 main activities and events that were more important included for the first year such as waste collection, snow removal, IT support services, emergency management, management of emergency response, and emergency services. The maximum number of risks obtained for the emergency event is related to lack of coordination between organizations, traffic problems, blocking the roads, lack of preparation and earthquake above six Richter.

Background: Education is one of the most effective factors in adopting of relief workers to the changing conditions of the present world. Creating a change in relief workers’ attitudes and prepare them to increase work competencies for accepting critical responsibilities in disasters has a close relationship with education in order to improve the level of efficiency. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the effect of relief education based on meta-memory and meta-cognition methods in learning of relief workers of Red Crescent Society in Bandar-e Gaz. Method: In this semi-experimental study, pretest and posttest were designed. About 100 relief workers of Red Crescent Society in Bandar-e Gaz were selected and studied in 2017. By using nonprobability sampling, 40 persons (20 experimental and 20 control groups) were selected as the target group. The relief workers of control group received first aid and relief education during five sessions while the experimental group received these training based on meta-memory and meta-cognition methods. Data were collected based on a researcher-made questionnaire by using book of “ Principles of First Aid & Resuscitation” by Dr. Ayoubian and Pourheidari (2010). Moreover, data were analyzed in two parts, descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics such as covariance analysis. Findings: The findings showed that there is a significant difference between means in terms of group membership (experimental and control) in the post-test stage (p<0. 05). The impact of this intervention is 23% in the posttest. Therefore, it can be concluded that relief education based on meta-memory and meta-cognition methods (experimental and control) had a significant effect on the learning of the relief workers. The statistical power of 0/603 indicated the statistical accuracy. Conclusion: The results indicated that the relief education based on meta-memory and meta-cognition methods increases learning in the experimental group. Therefore, it can be said that these relief education are effective in learning.

Background: One of the most important complications of heat stress in firefighters is the error of operating in safety that causes irreparable occurrence. Therefore, this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of personal protective equipment (PPE) on firefighters’ heat stress in 2018. Method: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was done on 30 operational firefighters in Larestan, Fars province. The study was conducted in a standard environmental chamber with the same firefighting equipment and an evaluation the effect of temperature and metabolism derived from personal protective equipment on average indices and predicted percentage of dissatisfaction (PPD). Findings: The findings showed that the weight of personal protective equipment affects the heart rate and metabolism indirectly and leads to changes in the predicted average score and the predicted percentage of dissatisfaction. The impact assessment of the weight of personal protective equipment and coefficient of clothing resistance (Clo coefficient) on the predicted ratings and predicted percentage of dissatisfaction showed that the fire resistance coefficient of firefighting clothing has a greater effect on these indices. (p˂ 001) Conclusion: The results indicated that the use of personal protective equipment as well as the fire resistance coefficient of fire was effective in the predicted ratings and predicted percentage of dissatisfaction. Therefore, cooling vests can be used for firefighters in order to prevent heat stress and to reduce the thermal stresses caused by temperature, metabolism, and the weight of personal protective equipment. It also cools the body's internal temperature to a reasonable level of predicted rating and a predicted percentage of dissatisfaction.

Background: The emotional exhaustion of relief workers is one of the important issues in Red Crescent Society. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between leadership integrity on emotional exhaustion of relief workers with mediating role of ethical leadership in Semnan Red Crescent Society. Method: In this descriptive-survey, about 120 employees of Semnan Red Crescent Society were selected by using Cochran formula. A 25-item questionnaire based on Likert scale was used to collect information. The reliability was evaluated using cronbach's alpha (˃ 0. 7). Data analyzed based on structural equation modeling. Findings: The findings indicated that leadership integrity has a positive and significant effect on ethical leadership. In addition, the results of the research confirm the negative and significant effect of ethical leadership and leadership integrity on the emotional exhaustion of the relief workers and ethical leadership mediates the relationship between leadership integrity and emotional exhaustion of the relief workers. Conclusion: The results showed that regarding the relief workers in Red Crescent Society have difficult jobs; honesty in leadership is an effective factor in reducing their emotional exhaustion. However, if managers of Red Crescent Society show honest behaviors and use ethical leadership style, the emotional exhaustion of relief workers will be reduced as well. This research tried to measure leadership integrity and its impact on the ethical leadership and emotional exhaustion of relief workers.

Background: The study of human error is very important because many decisions in medical emergencies are taken in a shift. In work with patient, medical error is a serious and inevitable threat for patient safety. Therefore, the aim of this study is identification and evaluation of human errors among Qazvin emergency medical personnel by using Cognitive Reliability & Error Analysis Method (CREAM) technique. Method: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted using CREAM technique in 2017. In this study, after hierarchical task analysis of medical emergency duties, the work sheet of CREAM technique was completed through observation and interviews with the medical emergencies. Data were analyzed using SPSS-20. Findings: In this study, 4 main tasks and 24 sub-tasks were analyzed. However, the highest probability of general error was predicted in technician task (0. 01771). Also from the errors detected, execution cognitive function with 39. 69% and interpretation error with 33. 33% had the highest values relative to other cognitive functions. False recognition in physical examination and taking and presenting history to doctor via wireless with 0. 03169 had the highest cognitive error probability. Conclusion: According to the results, time to do work, empowerment, work condition and perform two or more task simultaneously factors affecting performance reduction. Therefore, solutions for improving conditions and more productivity of emergency medical staff and reducing human error in this group is suggested: improvement of work conditions, increase empowerment, perform two or more work simultaneously by highability people, set up regular shifts and work schedule for personnel, educational programs based on personnel needs and joint meeting to increase efficiency.

Background: Since 1994, Iranian Red Crescent Society was placed among the nongovernmental public institutions according to the “ Act of public NGOs and institutions list. ” Some organizations such as Stock Exchange are not mentioned in this law; nevertheless, non-governmental public institutions outside of this law are included in this legal system. The organizations such as IRCS are under jurisdiction of administrative justice court. According to the constitution, the claims of people against these organizations and judicial supervision over them are within the jurisdiction of the Administrative Justice Court. In this regard, the triple court rules from 1982 to 2013, judgmental procedures, Guardian Council procedures, and doctrine had different approaches and jurisdiction of court have been contradicted. Now, in accordance with Section A, Clause 1 of Article 10 of the Organization Act and Procedure Law of Court, the lawsuit against IRCS has been questioned due to the statement of “ decisions and activities of governmental units including ministries, organizations, governmental companies and institutes, municipalities, Social Security Organization, revolutionary organizations and affiliated institutes. ” Method: Accordingly, in this descriptive-analytical research the laws of Administrative Justice Court, and its branches and General Assembly votes were reviewed. Conclusion: The results showed that regarding the "verbal" and "ultimate" interpretations of Article 10 of the aforementioned law, the former interpretation leads to incompetence and the next leads to jurisdiction of the court. However, the ultimate commentary is in line with philosophy of administrative justice courts, the articles of statute of Red Crescent Society and article 10 of the mentioned law. The administrative justice courts still have enough jurisdictions in lawsuit against Red Crescent Society, although the current procedure is contrary to this issue.