Journal of Dental School
Year:2003 | Volume:21 | Issue:4|Papers Count:20

Background & Aim: Plaque control is the removal of dental plaque on a regular basis and the prevention of its accumulation on the teeth and adjacent gingival surfaces. As toothbrush is the important equipment for plaque removal, this study was carried out for the purpose of qualitative and quantitative evaluation of used toothbrushes in Iran.Method & Material: The study was descriptive using observation and questionnaire as the technique. The studies 30 toothbrushes including 8 Iranian (Soft Jordeh, Hard Jordeh, Mujan, Medium Jordeh, Medium Mina, Hard Panbehriz, Soft Laleh, and Medium Mervarid) and 22 foreign ones (Oral- B indicator, Close Up, Gum, Butler, Jordan (children), Atman Doctor, LG, Sanxiao, Trisa, Signal 2, Lion, Crest, Al-Falij Clean, Colgate-plus Maxam, Test, Angola, Or Banta, Dent, Formula, Dr. Mortos, GUM were selected randomly. The tools for the study were ruler, colis, and micrometer.Results: The study showed the toothbrush length as acceptable variable with high frequency (100%), and marking was the variable observed with low frequency (77.8%).Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that foreign toothbrushes have no superiority to Iranian toothbrushes. According to Iranian National Standards, the most acceptable toothbrush was Oral- B indicator and the last one was G.u.M. (Syrian).

Background & Aim: The human teeth have a lot of anatomical variations and treatment of each tooth is under the influence of its configuration. The root canal anatomy, not only in various teeth, but also in one tooth might be different. The important point understands the canal anatomy that is essential for root canal therapy. One of these variations is C-shaped canal that has been mostly found in mandibular second molars. In various studies, different results have been reported from different regions of the world, therefore the information of each region or country is just useful for that region or country; so the present study has done to determine the frequency and Anatomic form of the C-shaped canals in mandibular second molars because of the lack of information about this subject in Iran.Method and Material: This study is descriptive, that has been done on 123 extracted mandibular second molars, which were collected from a number of clinics and private offices in Tehran. The CEJ (Cemento Enamel Junction), Mid Root and Apical cross sections have been prepared by a diamond disc and then tables on the basis of appearance of the roots and their cross sections have been provided and the results about frequency and classification of the C-shaped canals have been reported.Results: On the basis of Haddad et al classification, 17teeth have exhibited C-shaped canals (13.8% of the whole material) that 3 molars are from category I (True C-shaped) 2 are from category II and 12 have been considered as category Ill. The frequency of category II & I is 4% of the whole material.The frequency of category I & II in C-shaped canal that have more complexity and problems in treatment, is 4% of the whole material that should be considered.Conclusion: With due attention to the results of the other researches, frequency of the whole C-shaped canals in this investigation (13.8%) is between the results of the United States (west) and the results of Eastern Asia (Far East) that can prove high frequency of this kind of canals in Asian race and it's reduction towards west; further studies would be necessary to confirm this subiect.

Background & Aim: Increasing the quality of different services in dental schools can increase the satisfaction level of referring patients. According to this and also with regard to the strategies of the heads of Dental School to improve the quality of the received dental services, this study is carried out to evaluate the attitudes of patients referring to Shahid Beheshti Dental School during 15-31stKhordad 1378.Method & Material: A total of 630 questionnaires were distributed among patients and 500 cases were analyzed finally. The scale of questions of attitudes was Lickert 5 choice pattern. In planning questions, it is tried to evaluate the attitudes and nothing else.Results: The results showed a fair rate of satisfaction among patients except a few cases. But we cannot conclude that Dental School enjoys a high level of dental service quality and condition.Conclusion: The study revealed a fair suitable level of services conducted in the school, but this does not mean it to have good level of treatments.

Aim: Histamine is a chemical mediator involved in postoperative periapical inflammation and pain by increasing vascular permeability, inflammatory edema, and lowering pain threshold. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of astemizole (HI receptor antagonist)on postoperative periapical inflammation. Method & Material: In this clinical trail, twelve healthy mature cats were divided into two experimental groups.First group (6 animals) received 10mgastemizole (antihistamine drug) orally one hour before root canal treatment and second group (six animals) received no medication. Animals were sacrificed at 6, 12, and 24 hours after root canal treatment. Six-micron sections were prepared and stained with H & E and examined under light microscope.Results: Comparing the two experimental groups using the wilcoxon sign test showed that edema and vasodilation in astemizole group were significantly (P<0.05) less than without astemizole group at 6 hours after treatment but there was no statistical difference between two groups at 12, 24 hours after treatment.Conclusions: It was concluded that astemizole might be helpful in postoperative pain control by reducing edema and vasodilation.

Aim: The goal of this Cross-Sectional study was assessment of the rate of fear in different dental situations on 231 patients referring to dental school of Shahid Sadooghi University of Yazd.Method & Material: All of necessary information was gathered by the means of a questionnaire containing questions about demographic varieties and 19 different dental situations. In this study rate of fear of patients was obtained by the method of visual analogue scale.Results: The results of this study showed that 134 (57/3%) patients had low to moderate fear, 85 (36.8%) patients had moderate to sever fear and 12 (5.19%) patients had very sever fear. The most rate of fear was from surgery, root canal therapy, extraction and observation of needle. The assessment of information showed that there was significant statistical relationship between fear and sex and unfavorable experiences. But there wasn't any significant statistical relationship between fear and age and number of appointments.Conclusion: With considering of these results we advise that dentists increase their information about fear and the ways to reduce it.

Background & Aim: Prosthodontics is one of the scientifical courses in which many progresses had been made.Implant and overdentures are examples of new inventions that help the patients. Besides these progresses, sometimes we can see prosthesis that causes damage to underling tissues because they'are not made correctly. The aim of this is to present 13 cases of mucosal lesions after prosthesis irritation in order to attract general practitioners' attention to significance of the problem.Case Report: In this study 13 mucosal lesions caused by poor dentures are presented. These lesions consist of irritation fibrosis, epulis fissuratum, leaf fibroma, palatal papillary hyperplasia, peripheral giant cell lesion, denture stomatitis, traumatic ulcer, angular cherlitis, leakoplakia of the mouth floor and allergic reaction characteristics of each lesion are discussed.

Aim: The present study aims to report osteosarcomas of the maxillofacial area between 1991 and 2000 in two important referral centers of Tehran: Cancer institute of Iran and Taleghani hospital.Method & Material: All relevant data were recorded from files of patients with a final diagnosis of osteosarcoma and registered in a descriptive manner in prepared data sheets.Results: Among the 42 cases of maxillofacial osteosarcoma,24 (57.1%) were male and the remaining 18 (42.9%) were female. Their average age was 34.1 years. Maxilla to mandible ratio of involvement was 1.05. Swelling was the main chief complaint (88.5%) and 96.3% of the cases could be categorized as conventional. Most of them (75%) were chondroblastic histologically.A total of 212 cases of osteosarcoma other than in jaws had been registered during the same period. They were 18.81 years old on average and comprised 144 males (68.2%) and 67 females (31.8%). Histologically, they were chiefly chondroblastic (35.3%).Conclusion: In general,-jaw involvement constituted 16% of the whole body involvement. The mean age was significantly higher in tumors of the jaws and they also showed a significantly higher percentage of involvement by the chondroblastic subtype.

Aim: As English is today s dominant language of science and technology (EST), students having passed general and EST courses need to interact primarily with the scientific community specially in their field of study for various purposes, including the use of educational films. This study specifically aims to evaluate the proficiency of Iranian students of dentistry in understanding educational films.Method & Material: 57 students of dentistry at Guilan Medical School, who had already passed general English and EST courses, were the participants of this study, which focus on the measurement of students proficiency in listening skills. In fact, the students were shown two chosen educational dentistry clips, while they were required to answer some comprehension test items. The data collected in this way was then analysed through descriptive statistics.Result: As a result, only 10.5% of the students gained scores higher than 10 out of possible 20, the total mean of 6.46 with standard deviation of3.29.Conclusion: This pattern of results (89.5% of scores below 10) overall indicates that the majority of students of dentistry at Guilan Medical School are not proficient enough in understanding educational dentistry films, and that there should thus be a change of the curriculum through the inclusion of listening skills, as well as the adoption of modem approach to teaching English at our universities.

Aim: With regard to the importance of cephalometric parameters CANB, Wits, APDI, AFB, AF - BF, FABA) for evaluation of Anterio posterior apical base relationship and Malocclusion classification, this study was done to determine which them of the after emotional parameters are more valid for anterio- posterior relationship evaluation.Method & Material: This descriptive study was don on 234 cephalograms (141 girls, 93 boys) with normount and symmetrical profile and normal occlusion, the amount, intensity and iredtiou of correlation were calculated.Results: The wit's parameter was more valuable than others were and the effect of geometrical factors on this parameter was less.Conclusion: To obtain complete result, it is recommended to choose patient with different occlusal planes, and to measure. The amount of correlation of wit's and inclination of occlusal plane.

Backgroud & Aim: Thalassemia syndromes are the most common single gene abnormality. Hemozigot from or thalassemia major is the most severing form of congenital hemolytic anemia in Iran. This study was designed to assess the oral and maxillofacial signs, prevalence and development of the signs in different age groups of the thalassemic patients in Boyerahmad township.Method & Material: This descriptive cross - sectional study was performed on 119 blood recipient thalassemic patients by using a questionnaire and clinical examination.Results: For better survey the patients were divided in six groups. Factors such as maxilla and mandible protrusion, spacing, gingival and mucous discoloration, tooth color, saddle nose anterior and posterior malocclusion and lip incompetant were investigated in all 6 groups. Results of this study showed that maxillary protrusion, gingival discoloration, saddle nose 'and lip incompetency was increased by age. However, mandibular protrusion has not showed any changes (graphic pattern was plateau). The graphic pattern of discoloration of mucous and anterior malocclusion was first ascending and then descending. Posterior malocclusion had not any certain pattern of changes.Conclusion: In spite of anticipation, appearance of signs in thalassemic patients was not ascending; osteal signs were appeared at the beginning of disorders. All signs have not affected each patient. Xerostomai and oral ulcer was not observed in any of patients.

Background & Aim: Dental caries is called civilization disease by some researchers and according to the information obtained ethnic and racial minorities and those with low educational levels have the least information about the prevention of oral diseases Considering this fact and also the importance of dental hygiene and objectives for dmf in 200 I for all countries. The aim of this study was to invest gate the effect of education on the rate of mother's knowledge and practice in relation to their preschool children's dmf.Method & Material: The effect of Education on the rate of knowledge and practice of 393 mothers of pre-school children (5-7 years old) was determined. Rate of knowledge and practice was studied based on demographic features including child's age, mother's age, birth order, number of children, mother's educational levels and job, monthly average of family income. Rate of mother's knowledge and practice in relation to oral hygiene was determined before and after Education. In this experimental study carried out from October 1998 till April 2000.For this purpose 393 mothers of pre-school children were selected randomly and divided into two case and control groups. Case groups were being instructed about oral hygiene. In order to study the effect of Education, dmf in the children of both groups at the beginning of study and one year later were determined/and compared. Results: Based on the results there was significant difference between mother's knowledge and practice before and after Education (P<0.05). The analysis of data showed no significant difference between the two groups in regard to the number of decayed teeth (d) (P>0.05), but there was significant differences between the two groups in regard to missing teeth (m) and filled teeth (f). The rate of filled teeth in case group was about 23% while in control group it was about 7%.Conclusions: Therefore mother's Education affects the rate of knowledge and practice about oral hygiene. Before training mother's believed that milky tooth does not need filling but training had positive effects in their practice in this regard.

Background &Aim: Herpes simplex virus infection (HSV) is a viral infection of skin and/or mucous membranes manifested by painful blister like lesions on a base most often on the mouth or face (oral herpes) or in the genital area (genital herpes). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in the descriptive study.Method & Material: Population under study consisted of 400 individuals, which were divided into four groups (7-12, 15-19, 35-44, 65-74) Years- old in Eilam province. Individuals were selected with cluster stratified systematic random sampling. Five calibrated examiners, employing flat dental mirrors- conducted clinical examinations. Prevalence of HSV infection per subject by age groups was assessed. Frequency of diseases were evaluated with regard to gender, urban and rural areas individual's education level, refer to dentist for check up and economic status.Results: In this study findings revealed that the rate of prevalence of HSV infected in this population under study was 28.8%. Between four age groups the most prevalence of HSV infected was related to 7-12years-old (30.5%) and in the other age groups were25%, 28%, 30%recpectively.Only 2.1%of subjects had healthy periodontal status (35-44=1.8%, and 65-74=0.3%). Shallow and deep pockets were determined among two-age groups30.6%, 16.3%, respectively. Deep pockets and excludes sextants in adult were 7.2, 9.6 and in elderly were 6.9, 62.5 respectively. A positive statistical association founded between HSV infection and aphthous in individual understudy. The relation between other variables although from point of view present was differing from each other but no positive statistical were observed.Conclusion: The prevalence rode of Recurrent Herpes Labialis (RHL) in this study was within the same range of previously reported researchers and the relation between RHL with Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) was significant.

Background &Aim: Low birth weight and prematurity of newborn are two consequences of periodontal diseases in pregnant woman. The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of pregnant women referringto Taleghani and 29 Bahman hospitals in Tabriz during 1380.Method & Material: The study was descriptive, and conducted on 160 pregnant women with the age of 25.39± 5.33, the pregnancy history of 1.8±1.13 and the pregnancy week of 37.2±2.49 who were selected by sequential referring. After entering the study, the demographic data including age, education, job and, ... were recorded and an undergraduate dental student under the supervision of women specialist performed clinical examination using a periodontal probe (CPI) and a dental mirror. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS statistical package Ver. 9.0 for windows.Results: The results indicated 85.1 percent of periodontal diseases (CPI) in samples, of which, 14.9%- 0, 20.7%- 1, 41.9%- 2, 18.1%- 3 and 4.4%- 4. CPI Index increases by the increase of age, pregnancy times, having abnormal occlusion and wrong dental services and decrease by having higher education's, employment and brushing. But parafunctional habits and the week of pregnancy have no effect on CPI index.Conclusion: In conclusio, because of high prevalence of periodontal diseases in pregnancy, it is recommended to offer special dental care for these patients by PNC (prenatal Care) and encourage women to use toothbrush regularly.

Background & Aim: The etiologic factors of maxillofacial injuries in various part of world and in various cities of a country may be varied, also the pattern of these injuries vary in developing countries and industrial areas. The purpose of this study was Epidemiological and etiologic survey of maxillofacial injuries in patients admitted to Bahonar hospital of Kerman City.Method & Material: In a 6-year period (1992-2002) this studies done on 473 patients with maxillofacial injuries retrospectively.Results: 86.5% of patients were male and 13.5%were female (6.4:1), the most common decade of life was 3rd decade. The most common fracture site in maxillofacial area was mandible followed by zygoma, maxilla, orbit, nose and NOE (respectively), in the lower jaw the most common fracture site was parasymphysis and the most common type of maxillary fracture was effort I. The most etiologic factor was M.V.A. with 79.3% occurrence followed by falling down (9.9%) and assault (7.2%).Conclusion: Results of this study is similar to those studies performed in developing countries but varies from industrial areas.

Aim: Because the pathogenic microbes can be transmitted through blood and saliva, therefore the dental personal are more likely to be exposed to infectious diseases than other people. Transmission of infection from a patient to another one is high probability. Through dental treatment, the importance of the infection control would be more lighted when we know it is not impossible to define all the patients with infectious diseases. Therefore apply the standard methods of infection control is very necessary. In this study we intended to examine the methods of prevention and infection control in Tehran general dental offices.Method & Material: This investigation is descriptive which is cross sectional. Samples in every class were selected by systemic random sampling included general dental offices. The study was done in winter 2001. Information gathered by two ways observation and questionnaire, observing the dentist treating the patient personal protection such as gloves, masks, glasses, ... and decoration of office. Questionnaire was included 50 question items about vaccination, personal protection; ways of sterilization, disinfection the surfaces, ways of discarding of contaminated wastes and infection control in radiology.Results: The most important obtained results are a following:- vaccinated against hepatitis B: 97.5% dentists - 56.41% personal in the offices.- used 75.4% gloves, 61% mask and 53% protective glass by dentist.- 18.7% of dentists sterilized hand pieces for every patient, 42.3% sterilized their burs by heat.- 87.7% of dentists did not disinfect radiology set.- 49.5% of dentists disinfected the orders delivered by the laboratory before apply them to patients.Conclusion: The obtained results show the applied methods in general dental offices in Tehran are very far from the standard recommendation be ADA, CDC in views quantity and quality. Therefore it is very necessary to bring up the- knowledge about the principle of infection control and to make available the essential equipment to reduce the seriously risk of cross infection spread in our society.

Background & Aim: Cysts are one of the most common lesions in the oral cavity, which can appear in the soft or hard tissues. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of jaw cysts at five major centers for oral and maxillofacial surgery in Tehran including Shariati, Taleghani, Baghiatollah hospitals, and Shahid Beheshti and Azad Faculties of Dentistry from 1992 to 1994.Method & Material: This descriptive study of existing data was performed by means of data forms. By reviewing the patients files, 317 files belonging to cases of jaw cysts were selected and information such as age, sex, the type and location of the cysts and biopsy results were registered in data forms. The results were analyzed by means of SPSS statistical software.Results: The samples were ranged from 6 to 78 years. Odontogenic cyst was the most common type (%80.75), and periapical cyst was the most frequent odontogenic cyst (%33.8). Except lateral radicular, paradental, and traumatic bone cyst all the remaining cysts were found more common in men (%60.2) than women (%39.8).The maximum occurrence of cysts observed in men and women between 11-20(%26.9) and 21-30 (%25.86) years respectively, and the minimum range was between 71-80 (%1.26) years; though dentigerous and eruption cysts did not follow this pattern.There was a greater frequency of cysts cysts in the mandible (%56.2) than the maxilla (%43.8); except periapical and traumatic bone cysts.Conclusion: Odontogenic cysts are most frequently observed in posterior portion (%76.2) and left side (%67.6) of mandible and anterior portion (%60.9) and right side (%49.54) of maxilla.

Background: A mandibular infected buccal cyst is defined as these which occur on the buccal and distal aspects of the roots of partly or fully erupted molars with vital pulps.Case Report: In this article, two cases of mandibular infected buccal cysts have been described.The cysts are located on the buccal aspect of mandibular second premolar and second molar teeth. Both of them were vital without a past history of infection or periodontal disease. In the microscopic view both of cysts lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, a chronic inflammatory cell infiltration in adjacent connective tissue was present.According to different hypotheses, infection plays an important role in cyst formation by creating periodontal pocket and odontogenic epithelial hyperplasia. In view of clinical and microscopic findings, these cysts were similar to mandibular infected buccal cyst and paradental cyst.

Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiology of fissured tongue in age group I (7-12), II (15-19), III (35-44), IV (65-74) among a sample population (1440 persons) in Tehran province in 1995.Method & Material: The four age groups consisted of 720 (I), 360 (II), 180 (III), 180 (IV) persons. All together there were 717 males and 723 females in the sample population, The variables assessed were fissured tongue, geographic tongue, age, sex, smoking, oral health, aphthous ulcers and herpes labialis.Results: Results revealed that incidence of fissured tongue was 26.4% in population, 16.1%, 29.4%, 37.8%, 50% in the age group I, II, III, IV respectively. It seems that the relation of fissured tongue with age, smoking, oral health and herpes labialis was significant and with geographic tongue, aphthous ulcers and sex was not significant.Conclusion: The prevalence of fissured tongue was highly observed increasing more with the increase of age, bad oral health smoking.

Aim: Although the production of plastic teeth has developed but separation of these teeth from acrylic resin base because of the improper occlusal forces or errors in laboratory procedures is still a problem. In this study the effect of different preparation methods of ridge lap surfaces of acrylic teeth (Berelian teeth) in bonding to acrylic resin base (Acropars) was evaluated.Method & Material: For this study, 84 acrylic teeth (premolars Berelian teeth) were selected. These teeth were divided in four groups according to the method of changes in ridge lap surfaces (control, application of monomer, retention groove and removing the glaze surface). The teeth processed on acrylic blocks. They loaded by instron set until the fracture. The forces of fracture of the teeth were recorded and analaysed. Analysis of variances and Duncan test were used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that the application of monomer to the ridge lap surfaces of acrylic teeth increased the bonding strength between these teeth and acrylic resin denture base, but retention groove and removing the glaze surface were not effective in the bonding strength. The fractures were occured inside the teeth in the most cases.Conclusion: With the limitation of this study, it seems that application of monomer to ridge lap surfaces can increase the bonding strength of berelian teeth to Acropars resin base.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean of DMFT index of first permanent molars in 12-year- old students of guidance schools in Zahedan.Method & Material: This descriptive cross sectional study was performed through an examination of first permanent molars and a questionnaire filled by 600 students (300 boys, 300 girls) who were selected randomly.DMFT index of molars and their correlation with health behavior and family status were recorded. Data were analyzed using T-test, Chi-square and Pearson correlation.Results: The mean of DMFT index of first permanent molars was 0.8:t1.l2. The mean of DMFT index in the boys was 0.91±1.19 and in the girls was 0.98:t1.03that were statistically significant (P=0.015). 56.3% of students were caries free. 91% of DMFT scores were belonged to decayed teeth, only 7% of caries teeth were filled, and 1% of caries teeth were missed. The number of first permanent decayed molar teeth in lower jaw (59.1%) was greater than the upper jaw (31.8%). The girls had more filled teeth (6.4%) than the boys (1.6%). Conclusion: 91% of DMFT scores were belonged to decayed teeth, so it is better to put more emphasis on significance of first permanent molar teeth in educating programs of dental health.