JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT (QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES)
Year:2009 | Volume:2 | Issue:3 (6)|Papers Count:10

Stigma of Datura stramonium L. is bilobed, papillate and at maturity covered with a sticky exudates (wet papillate type).There is a little information on the stigmatic excretion of the mature stigma of Datura stramonium. In the present study, the ontogenetic and ultrastructural aspects of papillae were investigated in four stages of stigma development, using transmission electron microscopy. After gathering 5-75mm buds and in order to perform histological studies, different stages of fixation, blockage, and section were done by ultra-microtome. Fine sections stained with uranil acetate and citrate lead. In the course of development, papillae as well as underlying stigmatic cells showed secretory activity. Remarkable expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum and great modification of vacuolar contents during the ontogenesis of papillae suggested their effective role in the secretion process. Secretion began very early in 20-25 mm long buds. In this stage, electron dense droplets appeared in the cytoplasm and vacuoles. Furthermore, dense black aggregates were observed at the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. These structures represented stigmatic secretion material. High electron density of secretory components gets recognizable following the post fixation with OsO4 by means of transmission electron microscopy. In the mature stigma, droplets increased in number, coalesced and formed large lipid bodies under the cuticle and on the stigma surface. This procedure caused the cuticle to ruptures and become distance from the cell wall.

The bacterial diseases are among the main problems in human life and essentially their treatments are obtained either from live nature or by synthetic methods. The important sources of antimicrobial activity treatments are angiosperm plants such as Asteraceae family (Compositae), which their curing properties were noted in recent decade. In this research, antimicrobial activity of vegetative, aerial organs, and seeds of chicory plant (Cichorium intybus L.) which belongs to the Lactuceae tribe, was surveyed and the effects of aqueous and organic extracts (including metanolic, ethanolic, and acetonic) against positive and negative gram bacteria were evaluated. Extractions from the plant with water, 80% methanol, 80% ethanol, and 80% acetone solutions, were carried out through Maceration Method. Solutions of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% g/ml conc. Were obtained from the extracts of vegetative, aerial parts, and seeds. Using the “Diffusion Disk” Method, antimicrobial activity against two positive gram bacteria, Staphylococc Cus aureus and Bacillus Cereus, and a negative gram bacterium Escherichia Coli were surveyed. The results showed that neither of aqueous extracts with different concentration ratios, had any antibacterial activity against experimental bacteria. The acetonic extraction of vegetative, aerial and seeds parts of chicory plant showed low presentation of antimicrobial activity. Extracts of 5% g/ml ethanol and methanol of aerial zones and seeds of chicory had the best antibacterial activity effect. Experimental outcomes also stressed different solvents’ polar degree effects on the results.

For many years, herbal medicines have been used as healing medicines in different societies. At the moment, in spite of advancement of the synthetic medicines, the herbal medicines are still used and this is due to the fact the natural combinations have less side effect compared to the synthetic medicines. In this study, the effects of Medicago sativa hydroalchol extract on wound healing of epithelium in rabbits' ear was investigated. In this research work, 6 New Zealand male rabbits, each with the weight of about 1.5 kg, were selected. We used standard metal earpunch that marked for this purpose. We created well-circum scribed circular surgical wounds of 4 mm in diameter.In each rabbit, one pinna day-o-day treated with Medicago sativa hydroalchol extract and the other one was as control. Each holes were studied every other day and measured for both test and control groups to compare the speed of wound healing. The macroscopic investigations based on statistical analysis show that the speed of healing in the treated wounds with the Medicago sativa hydroalchol extract was significantly greater than the control group. The histological investigations based on statistical analysis show that epiderm thickness , number and lenght dermal papillae in the test group was significantly increased than control group. It can be concluded that the medicago sativahydroalchol extract probably has a positive effects on healing of wounds.

Regarding the importance of digestive system disease with salmonella origin, different methods for prevention and therapy seems to be necessary and considering the several side-effects of drugs and also drug resistance especially toward synthetic medicines had led researchers to concentrate on drugs with natural origin. Honey is used as a curing material in various bacterial infections. In this research, antimicrobic effects of honey and comparison of its using frequency on mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium was studied. In this study, different experimental investigations on 4 groups of lab mice including a group with simultaneous treatment of honey and bacteria injection (group 1), a group with bacteria injection and then treatment with honey after infection (group 2), a group with bacteria injection without any treatment (group 3) and finally a control group have been performed. The infecting operation was performed through injection of 1ml of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria in neck area and honey treatment with dilution of 6:1. Comparison of average bacteria numbers in excretion samples of 4 experimental groups showed that there is a meaningful relation (P=0.01) between control and three other groups. The average of bacteria in 1st group (6.12+3.56) compared to 2nd (18.87+5.57) and 3rd (127.50+33.75) groups revealed a significant reduction. Reciprocal effects of sampling dates in experimental groups showed a considerable difference (P=0.01) between honey treatments in reduction of intestinal infection severity with Salmonella origin. Results of this study maintain that using honey in daily diet will lead To reduction of intestinal disease.

Demolition of alpha neuron cell bodies in spinal cord that their axon was destroyed along with PNS damages is considered as an irreversible damage. This fact that Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) influences the viability and reproduction of neuron had led us toward applying that in living bodies. CSF consists of valuable components for protection of nervous systems. In this study, 18 adult male and 18 pregnant female (20-days after pregnancy) Wistar rats with average body weight of 200 to 250gr were used for the tests. The male rats divided randomly to 3 groups of control, compression, com+CSF injection (N=6). In compression group, the right leg sciatic nerve get through compression (60sec); in control group, the muscle surrounding the sciatic nerve was cut without any harm to the nerve; and in CSF injection group, in addition to compression, 10ml of CSF was injected every 3 days and then we make use of 20-day germs in order to extract CSF. After 4 weeks of post-operations in which lumbar segments of spinal cord were sampled, processed, serially sectioned and stained with toluidine blue (Ph=4.65) the member of alpha motoneurons were counted using stereological quantitative technique and compared with each other. Statistical analyses revealed a remarkable increase (p<0.05) in CSF groups. The results indicated that CSF have neuronprotective effects on nerves system and inhibit the degeneration of cell body after sciatic nerve injury.

Lactobacillus is a human normal flora that suppressed the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in gastrointestinal tract. The amount of lactobacillus would decrease by assumption of antibiotics and food preservatives and this will lead to increased colonization of entrotoxigenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to survey the influence of lactobacillus on reduction of entrotoxigenic bacteria colonization power. Four pure strain of lactobacillus including L.acidophillus, L.casei, L.jansoni, L.plantarum and four genuses of entrotoxigenic bacteria including Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmunella typhimurium and E.coli were used in this study. Following the microscopic studies and confirmation of lineage pureness, the Entrotoxigenic bacteria decreases were analyzed and compared through two-layer culture, well procedure, disk diffusion, and turbidimetry methods. The results revealed that Lactobacillus acidophilus will more effectively lead to reduction in colonization of gram positive entrotoxigenic bacteria and it will also result in severe reduction of Staphylococcus aureus colonization.

Bacillus thuringiensis, which was shown to have a great potential for pest control, have been subjected to many studies , because of its toxin production.The aim of this research was to consider if a biological product can be used as an insecticide. We were able to isolate Bacillus thuringiensis from environmental soil samples 20 different isolates were identified on the basis of the results of characterization and antibiotic sensitivity tests, with plasmid sizes differed from 1.8 to 74.6 kbp. In our process , germination of Bacillus thuringiensis spores was selectively inhibited by sodium acetate, while most of undesired sporeformers germinated .Next, all of the nonsporulated microbes were eliminated by heat treatment on 80 0C for 3 minutes .The surviving spores were then plated on a rich agar medium, and allowed to grow unntil sporulation. Of random colonies picked from agar, 96% were crystal forming Bacillus thuringiensis. At the final step, toxins were extracted from Bacillus thuringiensis and effects of the toxins were examined on larvae of common Musca domestica. According to the results of this assay, Bacillus thuringiensis and its endotoxin was shown to be effective on larvae of the tested insect, and so can be used as an insecticide.

Food transmitted diseases are one of the main economic and hygienic problems in industrial and non-industrial countries. On the other hand, addition of antibiotic to the domestic animals' food may lead to drug resistance in the Salmonella that may transmit to human through foods. Salmonellosis is the most common food poisoning around the world, and poultries especially hen and egg are the biggest reservoir of Salmonella. In this study, we examined 120 samples of the bulky and marked eggs and 120 samples of bulky and marked hens of Zanjan city in order for separation of different types of Salmonella. There were no bacteria inside the eggs, but from the shell of 68 eggs and from the 104 samples of hen, 56/6% and 86/6% of Salmonella types were isolated, respectively. The most prevalent Salmonella serotypes of the gg shell are S.enteritidis (23.3%), S.agona, and S.virchow (10%). But in hens the most ones are S.gallinarum (23.3%), S.agona, and S.virchow (13.3%). The most resistance to the antibiotics (erythromycin and colistin) was seen in the egg shell (about 100%) and the most sensitivity was observed against kanamycin, nalidixic acid and gentamicin (about 100%). In the hen, the most resistance was against erythromycin (92.3%) and the most sensitivity was to the gentamicin (88.5%).