JOURNAL OF THE EARTH
Year:2011 | Volume:5 | Issue:4|Papers Count:14

The porphyry copper deposit at Sungun is located in east azarbaidjan and about 130 km north of Tabriz and 32 km north of Varzaghan.The composition of sungun porphyry stock and associated dikes ranging from quartzmonzodiorite to Quartzmonzonite and granodiorite to granite. In the drill cores of sungun porphyry the most of alterations are phyllic and potassic types. Mineralization zones in this deposit could divided to three types: oxide, supergene and hypogene zones.Mineralization in hypogene zone is disseminated, veins and veinlets.The averagecontent of molybdenum in hypogene zone is 237.46 ppm. The homogenization temperatures rang from 150 to 524oc and salinity from 3.39% to 59% respectively.

The area under investigation is including some part of Tehran, Qazvin, Mazandaran and Markazi provinces, with 10080 km2 area. In this paper, geological maps and ETM satellite data used for remote sensing investigation by ER Mapper 7.0, Arc view GIS 3.3, ENVI.4.5, GIS 9.3, PCI Geomatica, Tectonics FP softwares. According to this, first geocoding and then filtering and finally, the lineaments map has prepared. In the other hand, faults map has prepared, base on geological maps, too. Finally, it has been analyzed and compared with the lineaments map that caused to introducing several new lineaments.

Reconnaissance and prospecting are two important stages in mineral exploration and geologists design the primary perspective of mineral resources in these stages. Composing different layers of opposite information is the most important operation in these stages where the best areas for subsurface exploration have been detected. In this paper, Economic geology information, including lithologic units and alteration zones are studied regarding on the other information such geophysical properties, tectonical structures and geochemical information on Kahang porphyry system situated in NE Isfahan for determination of copper exploration targets. First, geology is contributed in this area and lithology map was drawn. Next, faults and alterations were determined by remote sensing. After that, magnetometeric data were processed and geophysical layer was drawn. Then, geochemical exploration was operated and two high tendency anomaly areas were determined. Finally, these layers were composed in RockWorks package software and exploration targets were found in this sheet. Basis this study, there are two exploration targets for copper detail exploration.

In This study Geochemical, Physical and Chemical analyses on sample of Bitumens had been done for the purpose of Geochemical evaluation and Bitumen Geology in Aligodarz area in Lorestan provine and the results of these analyses were compared with the Geochemical analyses which were done on Bitumens of Chamsangar area. the Geochemical analyses include: Sediment separation of Asphaltene, fraction seperation and molecule analyses include: Gas Chromatograph, Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer. Physical and Chemical analyses include: XRD and XRF percentage of Bitumen liguidation in different solvents, percentage of Ash rate, percentage of S, N, C, H, O rate. the result of Organic Geochemical tests show that most of the samples of Chamsangar area which are Garau Formation have the must percentage of Saturate Hydrocarbons and Aromatic and in comparision with the Bitumen sample in Emamzade Davood area (in the proportion of 7.2-11%), the natural situation and the Organic materials condition show the Garau Formation sample. Intense decrease of Saturate fraction and Aromatic of Bitumen sample show that this sample has undergone some oil Alteration (Biodegradation, Corrosion and Evaporation). During thousand years and Because of this reason the percentage of Asphaltene is unusually very high in the sample. The study of spectrums which are produced from Gas Chromatograph shows that most of the normal Alkanes of Saturate fraction had been disappeared from Chromotogram background. which represents the severe transformation of Organic materials in this sample.The existence of C16 to C20 seems unnatural in this Chromatogram. But it's in the case that heavy Alkanes (mostly C21) are not seen in the Chromatogram background in other words, while Hydrocarbons are moving from deeper Formation (probably Garau Formation), They clean the Organic materials in the younger Formations (like Gurpi Formation) and are unnaturally gathered. By tracing the Pri/n-C17 parameters Emamzadeh Davood Bitumen sample and comparing the maturation condition, the sedimental environment of source rock shows that the kerogen of source rock is the type of P and III.

The studied area as a part of Urmiyeh-Dokhtar magmatic arc, situated in NE of 1:100000 geological map of Kahak and about 10 Km south of Fordu village.The genetic type of mineralization is intrusion related which a dioritic body influenced the country rocks and produced a pyrometasomatic zone of the following minerals such as: magnetite- hematite, andalusite-kyanite, hydrogrossular garnet, tremolite- actinolite, epidote, recrystallized carbonate and chloritized biotite. The fluxing agent of this dioritic intrusion varies from its marginal boundary to farther parts. Magnetite and hematite are the initial ore-minerals which accompanied by pyrite in places.The metasomatised country rocks are initially Eocene volcanoclastics and associated carbonates. These data have shown that the studied area is a calcic Fe-skarn and also indicates a hornblende hornfels facies of 460 to 12 650o.The skarn production by dioritic body acrossed the Qom formation specially limestones in outer parts of the studied area also occurred, therefore the age of the dioritic intrusion seems to be post Eocene probably middle Miocene.The initial factors controlling the metasomatism mechanism are the dioritic emplacement, its related fluxing agents and the lithology of the country rocks.The tectonomagmatic site of the above dioritic body and associated metasomatism indicate a subduction zone of continental magmatic arc (VAG) based on the related described diagrams.

In this study, risks and effects of Yazd combination cycle power plant were investigated. After identification of different parts of power plant from view point of environmental issues, different kinds of risks in utilization phases were identified and a questionnaire using Delphi method was prepared and presented to electrical industry and environment experts. In this paper, multiple-criteria decision making methods such as TOPSIS and AHP were used for analysis of environmental risks in Yazd combination cycle power plant. Therefore, after arranging risk priority using Topsis method, hierarchical structure of environmental risk assessment of Yazd combination cycle power-plant was drawn. For binary comparison of each criterion and sub-criterion, based on intensity and probability of risks’ occurrence, coupled comparative matrixes were created separately. Then through data entry to EXPERT CHOICE software criteria weight were determined using eigenvector method and hence Yazd combination cycle power-plant’s risk was calculated using risks ultimate weight results on the basis of intensity and occurrence probability. The results show that in different sections related to technology, biophysics and socio-economy the most important risks are conflagration and explosion, groundwater quantity, and power generation, with the weight 0.001632, 0.002574 and 0.00019 respectively. In addition decline in the region’s water table with the weight of 0.00517 is considered as the most important risk influencing on Yazd combination cycle power-plant. After risks identification, quantification and prioritization it comes to respond risks that identify some counter-measure features against risks before its outbreak. As a result following approaches are suggested with respect to conflagration and explosion risk in power-plant: Setting-up alerting systems such as automatic fire fighting equipments in sensitive regions, taking advantages of protection and power circuit breakers equipments and periodic inspection as well as proactive repairing-measures. Meanwhile to control water reduction level and water-tables continuous monitoring and performing training and functional plans are proposed in order to reduce water consumption and utilize more from kariz system and setting up flood control system.Hence, auditing operation was presented in order to minimum indirect and direct unwanted environmental impact of Yazd combination cycle power-plant and moreover some measures like environmental monitoring and management program were considered as well; the most important items included: control and prevention of noise, soil, water and air pollution resources and preventing water source depletion and non-logical water consumption.

The Ruteh Formation in Aru section, Central Alborz with a thickness of 151/5 meters consist of alternating dark gray limestone with intercalations dark gray shale.This Formation overlays by Doroud Formation and is disconformably overlain by the equivalent of Nessen Formation (Early Djulifian). The Ruteh Formation in study section can be subdivided into 3 informal members. In the present study, according to microfauna's investigated, the Ruteh Formation in the study area that indicate an early Djulfian age.

WAG injection is an oil recovery method initially aimed to improve sweep efficiency during gas injection. The WAG injection can lead to improved oil recovery by combining better mobility control and contacting unswept zones, and by leading to improved microscopic displacement.In this paper natural depletion, injections of gas, water, water-alternating-gas (WAG) in One Iranian Oil Reservoir was investigated to increase the recovery factor. Eclipse 100 and PVTi was employed to simulate the reservoir. Simulation results showed that water-alternating-gas injection (WAG) is better of water injection and gas injection, because this reservoir is heterogeneous.Also results of assign the tracer in water-alternating-gas (WAG) showed that injection water in this process has maximum effect on bottom layers too injection gas in this process has maximum effect on top layers.

The geophysical methods especially the electrical ones are useful and practical to examine contaminated soil and groundwater. We can estimate the contaminated area in considered regions using vertical electrical sounding (VES) and one-dimensional interpretation. In this study, it has been considered the oil pollution of groundwater in Shiraz oil refinery. First of all, we tried to show contamination in place by drilling operation. Next, we utilize resistivity method to verify the leakage source of pollutions. Oil pollution under the influence of biodegradation processes which leads to changes in resistivity of groundwater and surrounding rocks, so the contaminated areas are regarded as areas with the low resistivity. The measurements of electrical resistivity in mentioned area are along with four profiles of E-W direction and using 24 soundings. Then the obtained data interpreted individually with resistivity sections at each of the profiles. The changes in electrical resistivity data at different profiles are coordinate to oil pollution in surrounding drilled wells. As a result, the contaminated areas have been considered as areas with low resistivity.

Multichannel prediction error filters (PEF) approximate patterns of primaries and multiples in a least square sense. These filter is time-space variant to handle the multioffset seismic data. PEF for primaries and multiples are estimate from pattern models. In an ideal case where accurate pattern models of both noise and signal exist, PEF recoveries the primaries while preserving their amplitudes. In more general cases, the pattern model of multiple is obtained by using the data as prediction operator. Application of mentioned PEF on a marine seismic line in one of oil field, demonstrates better results. Consequently, comparison of proposed method with another method of multiples attenuation such as-norm which adaptively subtracts multiples from primaries, illustrates that PEF generally attenuates the multiples and recovers the primaries better.

The Central Alborz is located in a range of active faulting and deformation running mostly along the southern part of the Caspian Sea.Central Alborz is the convergence point of the eastern and the western parts of the Alborz Mountains where great earthquakes have made a lot of fatalities. The events recorded have been used to estimate, crustal thickness, Moho depth and its geometry in the Central Alborz.1-D inversion so-called "minimum 1-D model" defined as the 1-D velocity model with station corrections and hypocenter parameters that minimizes the RMS residual of the full data set.Initial data are the phase arrival times of P and S waves from 11529 events, consisting of local events, from 1996 to 2006 recorded at 18 stations in central Alborz. From the set of recorted events, 3450 of them selected with RMS less than 0.5 s and ERH and ERZ smaller that 5 km and a maximum gap of 180 degree. In data selecting process, only those events are selected that include at least 10 P-wave observations and 6 S-wave observations. This restricted the data set to 648 events. In this study, we present 1D minimum P and S velocity model of the central Alborz using VELEST program. In our calculations each model is splited into 16 layers between 3 km over the sea level and 56 km depth. With a Moho located at 44 km depth, Maximal investigated depth is 60 km. Separate P and S waves velocity models has been determined. The new models show overall improvement in locations in comparison with previous models.

There are considerable numbers of mud volcanoes in the southern part of the Caspian Sea, in which most of the mud volcanoes are located in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. They also exist in the northern part of Turkmen port in the east coast of Iran. In the Caspian Sea most of the superficial and semi deep sea faults especially in the north west of Anzali port are located along mud volcanoes and caused the folding of new depots of Caspian Sea.Seismic operations demonstrate that mud volcanoes are mainly alongside those folding and faults which are on sedimentary layers. These investigations proved that more than 70% of total oil and gas hydrocarbons in Azerbaijan are being produced from structures which are connected to the mud volcanoes.