MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL
Year:2013 | Volume:7 | Issue:SUPPL. (5)|Papers Count:11

Background and Objective: Bacterial infectioins in particular meningitis, pneumonia and septicemia are still some of the most causes of mortalities in children. The aim of present study was to identify the most common bacterial agents causing infectionis in children under 14 and detection of antibiotic resistance paterns.Material and Methods: During two years, 1897samples were obtained from the patients suspected bacterial infectioins. They were investigated for bacterial cultures, age, sex and antibiogram patterns. The species were identified by biochemical and serological methods.Results: Of 1897 samples, 563 (29.6%) had positve bacterial culture. Of these 74.7% were gram negative and 25.3% gram positive. The most common species were Escherichia coli (34.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (17.1%), Psuedomonas aeroginosa (12.4%), Kelebsiella (11 %) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (5.7%). The most effective antibiotics against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria were ceftriaoxne, nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid, amikacin and gentamycin.Conclusion: The gram negative bacteria in particular Escherichia coli, Psuedomonas aeroginosa and Kelebsiella are the predominant causes of bacterial infections in children under 14 in these regions. Most species showed a high relative resisitance to routine antibiotics such as ampicillin, trimethoprim and chloramphenicol.

Supplement Issue 2014, Vol 7, No 5 Original Article Background and Objective: the plants with the less side effects and drug resistance have been used worldwide. In this study, we compared the inhibitory effects of nanocopper and essential oil of Melissa officinalisL.a on E.coli and S.mutans in In Vitro condition.Material and Methods: for studying diameter of inhibitory zone, disk agar diffusion method was used. Then, antibacterial effects of these substances were evaluated by treating them for 24 hours in Nanocopper particles (concentration of 100 and 500 ppm) and essential oil (12.5% to 100%), and analyzed by ANOVA.Results: twenty-four hours after treatment, nanocopper had no inhibitory effect on these bacteria. However, the diameter of inhibitory zone for E.coli and S.mutans was 31.30±0.13mm and 16.30±0.13mm, respectively. There was not any synergistic effect between different concentrations of this plant and 500ppm of nanocopper after 24 hours of treatment on E.coli. But for S. Mutans, the diameter of inhibitory zone for mixture of 50% & 25% essential oil and 500ppm concentration of nanocupper was increased significantly compared to only essential oil (p=0.001, p=0.01).Conclusion: based on the findings, nanocopper particles and essential oil of Melissa officinalis L.a have not any synergic effects on E.coli, but with some concentrations of this plant the reverse is true on S.mutans.

Background and Objective: Urinary tract infections and bacteremia are the major problems in renal transplant patients, which are mostly due to immunesuppressive regimens, surgery, and exposure to the germs in hospital. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial agents in the blood and urine samples of kidney transplant candidates.Material and Methods: In this one-year-long study, thirty-three renal transplant candidates were assessed for urine and blood cultures. One urine and blood samples from each patient before transplantation and three samples after transplantation were collected. The Samples, using standard microbiological methods, were investigated and infectious organisms identified.Results: In 133 urine samples, Escherichia coli (20.5%), Enterobacter spp. (5.3%), Klebsiella spp. (3 %) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.5%) were isolated. In the blood samples, Enterobacter spp. (9.1%), Escherichia coli (6.8%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.8%) and Klebsiella spp. (0.8%) were isolated.Conclusion: The results indicate that urinary tract infection was high in patients with transplanted kidney, and E. coli is the most common cause of this infection.

Background and Objective: Resistance of Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) to antibiotics is the main cause of relapse into Helcobacterial infections. With the use of several antibiotics that have synergistic effect, we can inhibit this antibiotic resistance. Thus, we aimed at determining resistance patterns and assessing the synergy of combining multiple antibiotics on H. pylori.Material and Methods: Biopsy specimens were taken from 100 patients with gastric ulcer referred to Imam Reza hospital in Amol, north of Iran. After isolation and identification of H. Pylori, antibiogram was performed with different antibiotic disks containing one antibiotic, a combination of two antibiotics (metronidazole+clarithromycin) and three antibiotics (metronidazole+Claritromycin+Ciprofloxacin).Results: In this study, H. pylori were isolated from 53 (53%) biopsy specimens. Of these, 49 (5.92%) were resistant to metronidazole, 14 (26%) to amoxicillin, 10 (19%) to clarithromycin, 7 (13%) to tetracycline, 13 (5.24%) to furazolidone and 7 (13%) to ciprofloxacin. In survey of synergistic effect, an increase in inhibition zone diameter around of combined disks was seen up to 5mm compared to the most effective antibiotic.Conclusion: The inhibition zone diameter of discs containing two and three antibiotics was large, in comparison with one antibiotic.

Background and Objective: The main cause of spreading staphylococcal infections among patients is the healthy carriers working in hospitals. With the secretion of different sorts of toxins such as entrotoxin, this bacteria can provide the conditions for attacking on the host. The main objective of this study is identification of the characteristics and differences in the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from healthy carriers and from the patients on the basis of enterotoxin genes (sea-see).Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty of the patients and 80 of healthy carriers worked in health centers of Gorgan, north of Iran, were investigated for S. aureus isolate. The isolates were evaluated by PCR for Enterotoxin Genes A-E (SEA to SEE).Results: Enterotoxin genes (SEA to SEE) was found in 87.5% of the total isolates and the most frequent one was enterotoxin gene sea (N=124). The prevalence of these isolates in healthy carriers was significantly higher than those of the patients.Conclusion: Based on the results, the high percentage of S. aureus isolated from clinical samples contains enterotoxin genes. Therefore, Human as the source and carrier of S. aureus is paramount importance, which is due to significant relationship between being toxigenic strains and the source of isolation.

Background and Objective: A high level of homogeneity observed within all bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex makes a property that seriously challenges traditional biochemical-based identification methods of these pathogens in the laboratory. The work presented here was conducted to characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in Golestan, Northern Iran.Material and Methods: Between 2008 and 2010, 42 mycobacterial isolates were collected from clinical tuberculosis-suspected patients in Golestan province. The isolates were sub-cultured on fresh Mycobacterium-specific culture media including glycerinated and pyruvated Lowenstein-Jensen slopes. The isolates were subsequently subjected to a PCR-based identification scheme coined Huard-Warren method. This strategy consisted of three individual algorithms namely, 16SrRNA; RV typing (Rv0577, Rv3877.8, Rv1970, Rv3120, Rv1510 and IS 1561) and RD typing (RD1, RD 4, RD9 and RD12).Results: All isolates were proved to be M. tuberculosis. Furthermore, none of the patients were being infected with any other member of the M. tuberculosis complex or simultaneously co-infected with two mycobacteria. This fundamental observation was independently obtained by specific culture media, RV typing and also RD typing.Conclusion: Considering the fact that cattle and sheep farming play an important role in the economy of the region, absence of Mycobacterium bovis in the studied isolates can be unexpected to some extent. Huard-Warren which is a simple and cost-effective identification method can be used in both reference and regional laboratory for differential diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Background and Objective: Recognizing and using of isolated phytase in the soil microorganisms are paramount importance to produce the Phytase enzyme utilized commercially in different industries. This study was conducted to recognize different bacillus species which are Phytase producers and detection of the gene that can produce this enzyme.Material and Methods: Soil samples were gathered through different parts of mountainous areas. The early isolation of bacillus was carried out in Bacillus Medium Agar. After isolating the bacteria and genome extraction, the responsible gene of enzyme producer recognized and amplified by PCR method. The size of this protein and the optimal production situation in supplemental exploitation such as SDS-PAGE and the enzymatic activity of its size were evaluated.Results: Of 40 samples, one bacterium secreting Phytase enzyme was isolated. This bacterium was sequenced and recognized Bacillus Sobtlis species that is classified in STR Genus. The size of protein phytase produced by this gene was about 45 KD and the enzyme activity at 55 degrees was measured about 5.65 in wavelength of 415 NM. The phytase gene with the size of 1200 bp was propagated.Conclusion: the microorganisms, in natural conditions, produce Phytase enzyme in limited amount and with the quality appropriate to microorganisms. Thus, isolating the bacilli producing Phytase enzyme and purifying this protein are highly significant.

Background and Objective: The Isolation of Nocardia species is complex and time-consuming, which is due to rapid growth of adjacent bacteria. Because of the importance of a specific medium with the ability of controlling intrusive microorganisms, this study aimed at comparing three laboratory methods to introduce the reliable isolation technique for Nocardia species.Material and Methods: The soil samples were collected from different regions of Tehran province, Iran, and carefully transferred to the laboratory. The samples were cultured in three different media including Paraffin Baiting, Humic acid vitamin B agar and Paraffin agar, and incubated for 3-4 weeks at 35oC.Results: Of 110 soil samples, 31 Nocardia isolates (28.18%) were obtained from the media including Paraffin Baiting, (19; 17.27%), Humic acid and vitamin B agar (4; 3.63%), and Paraffin agar, (8; 7.27%).Conclusion: because of high rate of isolation, low cost and the clearance of colonies suspected nocardia, Paraffin Bait technique is more reliable and efficient compared to the other methods.

Background and Objective: Chitin, which is a linear polymer of N-acetyl glucosamine residues, has been the most abundant polymer in nature after cellulose. In recent decades, Chitinases have received increased attention because of their wide range of applications, especially in biological control against fungi.Material and Methods: the isolation of bacilli producing chitinolytic enzymes was performed by collecting 40 soil samples from various regions of Gorgan, northern of Iran. The chitinolytic potential of the isolates was indicated by observation of clear zone in colloidal chitin agar medium. Identification of selected strains was performed by polyphasic taxonomy, and subtler identification and sequensing were carried out by extraction DNA. Antifungal effect was evaluated by well method against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) Aspergillusniger (ATCC 2029), Aspergillusflavus (IR6) Fusariumoxyporum (PTCC 5115) and Alternariaalternata (PTCC 5224).Results: Nine colonies of chitinase positive bacillus were isolated on choloidal Chitin Agar (CCA) and five of them had antifungal effect. R6 strain had the highest, and R2 and R3 had the lowest effect on fungi. The 16S rRNA sequence of these isolations in comparison with the known bacteria has 95-97% similarity.Conclusion: Some of the soil bacteria can have antagonestic effects on human and phytopathogenic agents existed in soil.

Background and Objective: In our country, the Wright test routinely is used for diagnosing brucellosis. Because of its low sensitivity, the range of false-negative results is high. Therefore, we aimed at comparing Wright and ELISA in the people suspected brucellosis.Material and Methods: The results of Wright, 2ME, Coombs Wright tests were compared with Anti-Brucella IgG, Anti-Brucella IgM. Of 1183 subjects referred for Wright test, 148 of them were investigated for Coombs Wright and 228 for 2ME Wright. In addition to Wright test for 32 cases, Brucella IgG and IgM classes were also experimented.Results: Wright test was negative in 95.4% of cases. Of these negative results, 2.3% were positive for Coombs Wright. Eight-point-five percent of the cases were positive for Coombs Wright test and 4.7% for 2ME Wright test. Sixteen cases were negative for both Wright and ELISA. In 8 cases of Wright-negative, ELISA IgM class was positive and IgG class was negative, and in 4 cases of Wright-negative, ELISA IgM was negative and IgG was positive. About 4 cases of Wright-positive, IgM and IgG antibody classes were positive.Conclusion: Due to the mismatch between the results of Wright agglutination test and ELISA method and with regard to availability, high sensitivity and determining the type of antibody classes in ELISA, it is focused on ELISA method for brucellosis diagnosis.

Background and Objective: The excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics will lead to drug resistance of microorganism and specially nosocomial organisms. Because of high incidence of antibiotic resistance in hospitals, we aimed to study antibiotic resistance to gram negative bacteria.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the data of biological samples (2006-2008), with positive culture result. Using antibiogram, microbial resistance to isolated microorganism was determined, and after culturing the samples, bacteria were identified by using differential media and antiserum. Then, antibiotic resistance was performed by disk diffusion.Results: The most common gram-negative microorganism obtained from all cultures was Ecoli with the lowest drug resistance to Nitrofurantoin.Conclusion: Based on the results, antimicrobial resistance pattern is not the same in different places and furthermore it is ever changing. Therefore, further research is needed to be done to have an accurate pattern of antibiotic resistance to provide effective treatment regimens.