Medical Ethics
Year:2012 | Volume:6 | Issue:21|Papers Count:11

Ethical Sensitivity is to consider the ethical values and considering them in decisions with attending to its professional role and duty, especially in critical situation. In this study, due to the need to recognize of effective educational Methods in increasing the ethical sensitivity, the effect of a workshop with ethical content and fallow-up with ethical messages was assessed on ethical sensitivity of nurses.In this interventional study of confidential type, 25 nurses participated in a two days’ workshop with ethical content. After the workshop they took two month fallow-up education. The Han Questionnaire in Moral Sensitivity was used for gathering the information. The data was analyzed by Mann-Whitney U and Freedman Tests.All domains of ethical sensitivity was increased significantly after fallow-up education (P<0.05).Discussion: Workshop has a significant influence on ethical sensitivity. But the effects could be remaining by fallow-up.

Patient satisfaction is one of the characteristics of the hospital and compliance with the patients’ Charter of Rights is one of the most controversial issues in patients’ satisfaction. Support and the implementation of patients’ rights will be met by nurses when they do not have sufficient and necessary knowledge in this area. This study was conducted in "Evaluation of educational needs of female nurses' regarding patients’ rights in hospitals in Tehran in 2010”.This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010. In this study 119 female nurses were randomly selected. Two-part questionnaire was used for data collection. The awareness was ranked in three categories (good, moderate and week).The validity and reliability of questionnaire was determined and then was distributed between subjects. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 15 using descriptive and inferential statistics.The research study showed that knowledge of 60.8% of female nurses from patient rights was good which had a statistical connection with age range (P=0.004) and work experience (P=0.013). Most (83.1%) of the nurses’ level of knowledge was in “right to declare personal satisfaction of ending the treatment and referring to other centers” and the lowest (40.3%) level was in "the right to receive necessary information about the treatment groups, level of expenses and insurance coverage ".It is necessary to conducts methods to increase the level of knowledge in nurses with low and intermediate knowledge. According to the increasing knowledge of patients from their rights, it is necessary for female nurses to be completely aware of Patients’ Rights Charter to avoid possible challenges in the relationship of patients and nurses.

All EMRO countries including Iran have adopted the concept of reproductive health as the main element of the society health. Ethical and legal topics of reproductive health in Iran are important from various aspects. Designing new care and treatment programs and methods in reproductive health area has brought new choices for women in reproductive age whether new methods of screening or diagnosis and treatments and from other hand this technology improvement has brought various ethical debates for reproductive health providers, women and society to respond it. In this regard, a review with the purpose of study of reproductive health from ethic and law point of view was established which in this review by researching in SID, IRAN DOC, PUBMED, CINAHL websites from1990 to 2012 and by using keywords from reproductive health, ethics, law key words, 40 assays were retrieved and reviewed.in general it seems that despite the valuable historic and Islamic grounds in law and medical ethics in Iran, more efforts is needed. Paying more attention to legal and ethical debates in offering reproductive health services In Iran can improve the quality of the services and along with providing the satisfaction of patients and their approved rights, it will be helpful for service providers to offer their services in a systematic ethical and legal framework.

Xenotransplantation is a Greek phrase and is referred to the process in which an organ or living cell is transplanted from an animal into the human body.The reasons for transmission of an organ from an animal to a human include: Limitation of transplantable human organs, Long term waiting list to receive organ transplants, irreversible damages or death due to postponement of receiving transplant organs or not receiving it and illimitable animal organs. The reasons for rejection of animal-human transmission include: The risk of possible transmission of unknown diseases from animals to human and lack of controlling the patients to avoid transferring the disease to other people, rejection of patients by the community, possibility of psychological problems in patient who has animal organs in his/her body and as result decreasing patients’ quality of life and religious beliefs of purity and impurity of some animals.Therefore, inadvertency and inattention to ethical, legal and social consequences as a result of xenotransplantation may leave irrecoverable damages.

Most of the decisions in Medical Ethic, especially in ethical considerations in beginning and end of life depend on our definition of embryo and his/her ethical status. There are various factors to recognize someone as he human species such as impregnation time, implantation in the uterus, evolution of nervous system and senses, the embryos movement in the uterus of the mother, birth and conscious. The time of transformation of a human being to a person is different in various points of views, in the beliefs of Abrahamic Religions; besides physical features humans had spiritual features and with citing on this matter his/her ethical status can be defined. In this point of view personalizing a human being will be defined with his/her ensoulment, but the spirit and the procedure of ensoulment is a spiritual matter. This does not mean to deny the effect and the relationship of this phenomenon or synchrony of it by some physical effects. So there is a chance that because of this close relationship of spirit and the body, one can be able to identify physical changes in the body, which by them one can be able to guess the time of ensoulment or be able to claim that for embryo to have a spirit, he needs a certain extent of physical evolution. In this regard it is possible to ask that although the Islamic juridical point of view about the ensoulment and to determine 120 day of pregnancy as the time of ensoulment is a practical view but can we consider the embryo ready for ensoulment after being improved physically and to consider him as a person and to take all of the ethical consequences in to effect?!

individual rights are based on person needs and rights of a patient including the duties that medical team have towards him and the total score, abilities or special permits that the law has granted to the patients. In the present study, the patients' knowledge and consent of Patients’ Right Charter was studied in several private and public hospitals in Tehran.This study was done cross-sectional. The samples were selected from 600 patients referred to the hospitals in Tehran. The two-part questionnaire was used for data collection and the spss 17 software was applied for data analysis.There was no significant difference between the "knowledge" of patients in public and private medical centers. But there was a significant statistical difference in "implement of contents" of receiving proper health care, respecting patient privacy and confidentiality in public and private hospitals.Patients should be aware of their rights to acquire. If the patients are not aware of their mutual rights and obligations, they will not demand respecting them or they would request them in an inappropriate way. In interviews with patients, the existence of different study groups such as students, Internet, ... was expresses as the reason of not receiving a proper health care, respecting patient privacy and confidentiality. To resolve this problem, it is necessary to introduce the care team to the patients.

Moral distress is a common phenomenon in the nursing which can affect nurses' work life and a make a different impact on employees, patients and healthcare organizations. The present study is a cross-sectional study which has investigated the moral distress in 220 nurses in Birjand educational hospitals by Corley moral distress scale. This questionnaire has 21 question and has been translated and calculated, the validity was determined 88% and the reliably (Cronbach Alfa) 93%. The results indicate that the average intensity of moral distress in subjects is 25.2 (from 0-5) and the average of repeat is 11.2 (from 0-5) respectively. There is significant relationship between moral distress and demographic characteristics of the type of service (P<0.05). But this relationship would not make any sense in the type of employment and the sex of nurses (P>0.50). Due to the high intensity level of moral distress in nurses, paying more attention to familiarize them with the emergence of the phenomenon and its causes must be considered.

It is not simple for women to decide the type of delivery and this decision-making would be affected by various factors. The present study is a sectional study seeking to review the data resources regarding the choice of delivery type in pregnant women who visit Tehran’s hospitals. The subjects of the study were 1000 pregnant women attending to Tehran’s hospitals for delivery. The Data were gathered by review and questionnaire. The result of the study showed that 4.1% of pregnant women received their information about delivery type from Radio and Television, 14.7% from family and 13.3% from health participants. There was also a significant statistical connection between job (p=0.001), education level (p=0.001), mothers age (p=0.001), type of the hospital (p=0.001), fear of natural delivery (p=0.032) and the resource of information. According to the connection between various factors and information resources, it seems that giving appropriate information by health participants can play a significant role in promoting the knowledge and view of mothers in this regard.

Introduction: Through investigating all research proposals reached at the research deputy of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, it was observed that researchers tend to attach very short and incomplete forms to their proposals despite the common tendency towards preparing appropriate informed consent form which is mainly due to lack of access to a sample form for modeling as well lack of instructional manual. This leads to return of proposals and a sheer waste of time. Hence, it was necessary to accommodate a suitable structure for preparing informed consent form for researchers.Method: in order to solve this problem, this research was carried out in a library-based mode and by using printed and electronic sources for searching the compartments of an informed consent form. In addition, in order to come up with a sample form, all websites of medical sciences universities were explored.Findings: All mention-worthy resources in an informed consent form were extracted by using all aforementioned sources and going over relevant texts, esp. the 26-part codes for protecting subjects in researches done in Islamic Republic of Iran. These parts were identified within two groups titled, “the cases needed to be mentioned in the form” and “the cases which are better to be mentioned in the form”. Furthermore, two sample informed consent forms were placed under the instructions which had been retrieved from the websites of other universities so that reverent researchers would opt them for preparing appropriate form and append them to their proposals with regard to the type of their research and the sample forms.Discussion and Conclusion: Attending to the ratified ethical codes and points in all researches done within medical sciences particularly those that involve human subjects are quite necessary. The best symbol for following such ethical guidelines is getting “informed consent” from subjects or their legal guardians. Among these codes, 9 refer directly or indirectly to the important issue of informed consent.bassically, any research done within medical sciences field has its own unique design and therefore, it requires a unique informed consent form which must be designed and used. By using the conducted classification in this research, researchers would be able to take care of preparing the informed consent form unique to each research on their own so that they could compile the best and most suitable research informed consent form by relying on their knowledge and prowess over their research content and topic.

Background: one of the fundamental rights of patients is giving consent to a particular treatment method, and all health care centers are required to obtain consent from the patients or their guardians. Informed consent is defined as free and voidable agreement of a qualified person regarding participation in treatment; by understanding the nature, purpose and consequences of the consent. Studies show that informed consent and shared decision-making can be related to the speed of the patients’ recovery. This study seeks to study the level of awareness in consents obtained from patients under surgery at the Medical University of Birjand.Methods: In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, 248 patients (content provider) in Surgery wards of Birjand University of Medical Sciences enrolled randomly in this study in 2011. Data were collected through interviews with patients after surgery using a self-designed questionnaire and were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The 44.9% of consents were received of patients themselves, out of which 88% were in written form, and the time to get 57/6% of them was at the time of patients' admission. The extent to which patients were informed at the time of clinical decision-making and giving informed consent was poor, but the patients' understanding and participation in clinical decision-making and physician's interaction with patients were moderate. Patients' understanding of the consent form was significant according to the hospital and the time of receiving the consent form. Also, the patients' participation in clinical decision-making had significant differences according to the hospital.Conclusion: According to the results, strategies must be devised to increase patients' information in order for their better understanding of the consent form and their participation in clinical decisions.