NEW APPROACHES IN SPORT SCIENCES
Year:2019 | Volume:1 | Issue:2|Papers Count:11

Please find enclosed my manuscript, “ Importance of Eccentric Training in Corrective Exercise Continuum: Hints for Corrective Exercise Specialists” by Hashem Piri, which we would like to submit for publication as a letter to the editor in the journal of New Approaches in Sport Sciences. Eccentric training (ET) is used for performance enhancement, injury prevention, and rehabilitation, but the importance of ET in corrective exercise and correction of postural abnormalities is not clear, thus this study purpose was to identify the position and importance of ET in corrective exercise. Eccentric muscle activations include active elongation of musculature against an external resistance (Suchomel et al., 2019). ET increases strength (Kaminski, Wabbersen, Murphy, 1998; Roig et al., 2009), cross-sectional area (Schoenfeld, Ogborn, Vigotsky, Franchi, Krieger, 2017) and power (Elmer, Hahn, McAllister, Leong, Martin, 2012) of the muscles. ET improves the flexibility of muscle, too (Nelson & Bandy, 2004; O'Sullivan, McAuliffe, DeBurca, 2012; Ruslan, Norman, Muhamad, Madzlan, 2014). National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) described four phases in corrective exercise continuum (CEC) including: inhibit, lengthen, activate and integrate (Clark & Lucett, 2010)...

Background and Purpose: Increasing participation in sports activities has increased the incidence of sports injuries. Considering the short and long term complications of sports injuries, the need to prevent them is one of the most important goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ankle bracing on the ankle plantar flexor muscles activity in different foot position during drop landing with and without fatigue. Method: Fourteen female college athletes participated in this study. Five models of 5 and 10 degrees medial, lateral and normal wedged insoles were used to simulate the position of the feet on the ground at the wrong landing technique. The Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) and Peroneus Longus (PL) muscles activity 100 ms before and 100 ms after landing in different foot position before and after muscles fatigue with and without ankle bracing was recorded with surface electromyography. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (p≤ 0. 05). Results: The results showed that the effect of time on the activity of MG and PL muscles in landing with brace was significant, so that the MG muscle before landing and PL muscle after landing had a higher activity in both times before and after fatigue (p≤ 0. 001). The activity of this muscles was not significant when using the ankle brace during landing in different positions (p˃ 0. 05). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, lace-up brace can help to increase muscles activity when they were fatigue, while the using of brace does not affect muscle activity when landing perform in different positions without fatigue. According to the results, In the case of a suggestion to use brace for athletes, all aspects of using this equipment should be considered.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to develop a model of the impact of service quality, brand’ s social identity and the attachment to the team on the loyalty of Iranian Premier League football team’ s fans. Method: This is an applied study of descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population of this study consisted of the fans of the selected Iranian Premiere Football League. A probability clustering method was used for sampling. Azadi football stadium of Tehran, Imam Reza football stadium of Mashhad, Yadegar Imam Football stadium of Tabriz and Naghsh Jahan football stadium of Isfahan were selected and the questionnaires were distributed in the 12th week of the tournament (2018-2019 season) between fans in above named stadiums. 400 questionnaires were distributed equally in four stadiums and finally, 387 full questionnaires were received and this number was considered as a statistical sample of the research. A researcher-made service quality questionnaire, brand’ s social identity questionnaire of Boyle and Magnusson (2007), fans’ attachment questionnaire of Yoon, Petrick, & Backman (2017) and fans’ loyalty questionnaire of Tachis and Tzetzis (2015) were used for gathering information. Structural equation model and LISREL software were used to review and test the hypotheses. Results: The result showed that brand’ s social identity has a significant positive effect on the attachment and loyalty of fans (P˂ 0. 05). The attachment of fans also has a significant positive effect on their loyalty (P˂ 0. 05). Conclusions: It is concluded that for enhancing fan's loyalty, managers of football teams should notice to service quality as a key factor.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to identify specialized language needs of MA students in University of Mazandaran. Method: This study was mix method instruments which would deeply explore the perspectives of English for specific purpose teachers and students about task– based language needs of teaching ESP. Semi-structured interview was carried out with a number of teachers and students in the field of sport management. The statistical population of the stage includes some teachers and students in the field of sport management. The sampling method was Purposive sampling and Sampling continue until theoretical saturation. Three ESP teachers who have been teaching ESP to the students for at least four years participated in this study. They were all selected through purposive sampling. Also, MA and Ph. D. (twelve persons) students who had passed this course were selected in qualitative stage. In quantitative stage and based on the results of the first stage, the questionnaire was designed. This questionnaire was broadly distributed amongst students and teachers (33 persons) in the field of sport management. Descriptive and Inferential statistics, were used to analyze the demographic information of the participants and their responses. Results: The results of the study showed that the main real tasks which were most frequently used in the English sport management classes include Participating in daily conversations, giving lectures at conferences, Conversation with foreign experts, Understanding daily conversations. The method of working with and using English to English dictionary to take advantage of all the capabilities contained in it. Conclusions: The information obtained about the target tasks and their frequency can be employed when taking decisions about which tasks should be part of a curriculum.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the dimensions of brand impact on sports, economic and professional experts, managers and experts in Kermanshah province. Method: This is a descriptive-survey research. The statistical population consisted of 120 experts, managers and experts in sport and economic in Kermanshah province who were selected by random sampling. In this study, 87 experts including experts, managers and experts in two fields of sport and economics completed a researchermade questionnaire assessing the dimensions of sport brand effectiveness. The measurement tool was a questionnaire of sport brand management whose reliability and validity were tested for this research. The Cronbach's alpha value for all factors is 7 or higher, indicating the appropriateness of the questions posed to assess each of the dimensions affecting sport brand management. SPSS software version 20 was used for data analysis. The results of the tests showed that all four sectors (managerial, economic, cultural and social) influenced sport brand management. Results: Finally, the overall summary of the tests shows that social media management brand with a mean of 3. 09 and cultural management factor with a mean of 1. 82 have the highest and lowest priority in influencing sport brand, respectively. Conclusions: The research results show that the social sector of the brand has a higher priority and microeconomic and macroeconomic indicators should be recognized.

Background and Pupose: Hypertension and poor sleep quality can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, stroke, etc. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body compositions with hypertension and sleep quality in male students living in Allameh Tabataba'i University dormitory. Material and Method: The present study was descriptivecorrelational. The statistical population consisted of 170 male dormitory students of Allameh Tabataba'i University who were randomly selected. First, body composition indices and blood pressure of subjects were measured and recorded. Then, the Pittsburgh Questionnaire were completed by students (PSQI) to assess their sleep quality. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software at a significant level (P <0. 05). Results: The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between systolic (r= 0. 281, p<0. 01) and diastolic (r=0. 357, p<0. 01) blood pressure with fat percentage. Also, body mass index was significantly correlated with systolic (r=0. 297, p<0. 01) and diastolic blood pressure (r=0. 322, p<0. 01) while there was an inverse and significant correlation between muscle mass with systolic (r=-0. 252, p<0. 01) and diastolic (r=-0. 356, p<0. 01) blood pressure. Also, there was no significant relationship between students' sleep quality with fat mass (r=-0. 023, p=0. 76) and muscle mass (r=-0. 015, p<0. 84). Conclusions: In conclusion, according to the direct relationship between fat percentage and hypertension among students living in the dormitory, it can be concluded that the use of exercise in leisure time and recreational programs to improve body composition can play an important role in the prevention and treatment of hypertension in their future.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the public relations status of Sports and Youth Organization in Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. The present research was applied and study was a consecutive hybrid exploratory strategy and is implemented by qualitative content analysis and questionnaire quantitative survey. Method: Statistical society in qualitative section, ten people in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provincial authority of sports and youth, and in quantitative personnel in public relations department and 46 provincial active board and sports reporters in the province in total there were 150 people. Data collection tool was a face-to-face interview and a researcher-made questionnaire. Based on the findings of the qualitative section, a questionnaire was designed and its face and content validity was evaluated by several experts in the field of public relations and sport management and its construct validity was done by confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0/94. Results: The qualitative data were analyzed by qualitative data encoding method and in quantitative part of descriptive statistics, frequency table was included and in the inferential part Friedman test was used. Conclusions: The results showed that the public relations status of Sports and Youth Organization in this province was below average, and Friedman's test showed that the importance, rank, and status of public relations were totally different.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between environmental knowledge and sport event organizers' support for sustainable management in sport. The present study is a descriptive-survey and field study. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire with 40 questions was used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a survey of professors related to the research topic. The construct validity was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis of more than 0. 3 and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0. 83. The statistical population of the study consisted of managers and organizers of sport events in ten provinces of the country with approximately 1000 peope. The sample size was 278 according to Morgan table, Due to the size, number and difficulty of access, the available sampling method was used to collect the samples and finally 254 questionnaires were returned. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-19 software. The results showed that the level of environmental awareness in the sample was in the range of 0 to 8 and the mean of the total sample was 3. 55 with a standard deviation of 1. 61. These results indicate a low level of awareness of environmental issues in the sample under study. In the present study, it seems that there is little awareness of environmental issues that may be effective in shaping people's attitudes toward the intention to support environmental issues in sporting events. Since human attitudes are driven by consciousness, it is therefore necessary to change attitudes by providing a context for raising awareness and enabling appropriate behavior. Therefore, determining the level of knowledge and attitude of individuals is the first step in determining and delivering educational programs.

Purpose: the etiology of children obesity can be varied. Adipose tissue is an active tissue that secretes proteins such as TNF-α , IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term sprint interval training on serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α , IL-6, insulin, and lipid profile in overweight boys. Method: a number of 30 overweight male students (with a mean age of 9. 93± 0. 2 and BMI of 27. 73± 0. 2) were randomly assigned to the control group (n=15) and sprint interval training (n=15). The subjects of the experimental group did the training for eight weeks, as the control group was engaged in doing their daily activities without intervention. Measurement of anthropometric indices and fasting blood collection were performed (to measure insulin, leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α , IL-6, cholesterol, LDL, HDL and TG) one day before and one day after the training program. Results: the results of the present study indicated that 8 weeks of sprint interval training significantly decreased weight and BMI in overweight children (P<0. 001). In addition to weight and BMI reduction, levels of TNF-α , IL-6, leptin, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL significantly reduce the following eight weeks of the sprint interval workout (P< 0. 001 for all), while adiponectin and HDL levels increase (P<0. 001, P<0. 01, respectively). Conclusions: in general, the present study demonstrate that sprint interval training which is a new way of physical activity exerted a positive effect on most of components contributing to children obesity.

The purpose of the present study was to optimize and improve the status of ticket sales at Tehran Azadi Stadium and reduce customer waiting times in queues using methods Simulation and Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). First, using objective observation and time-out, the waiting time for spectators in the ranks of the ticket and presentation and physical examination calculations and then using the simulation software, The entire service process has been simulated from the moment the ticket is purchased until the moment they enter the stadium, and the average waiting time for spectators in the queue for the provision of services is calculated. And then we look at the problems with ticket sales. Also, using interviews with elite and expert people, there are some ways to reduce waiting times for customers in the queue. And each of these views was examined using the simulation software; then scenarios were developed to improve the status quo and then, using multi-criteria decision-making methods, we ranked the scenarios and selected the best scenario.

Purpose: Aging is a complex process of physiological and social changes that leads to disease, disability, and the lower experience of happiness. On the other hand, fatigue is one of the most important indicators of aging syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the level of physical activity and fatigue in elderly residents of rest homes in Tehran. Method: This was a descriptive correlational study in which 20 rest homes located in Tehran province constituted the study population. By visiting rest homes, the eligible subjects were chosen. Physical activity was measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). The FACIT Fatigue Scale is a short, 13-item, easy to administer tool that measures an individual’ s level of fatigue during their usual daily activities over the past week. Nutritional status was evaluated by mini nutritional assessment (MNA). Results: The results of statistical analysis indicated a significant and positive correlation between PASE and FACIT scores (r=0. 48, p<0. 01) while, there was a significant negative correlation between FACIT score and age (r=-0. 23, p<0. 01). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between MNA and FACIT (r=0. 40, p<0. 01). In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between MNA and PASE score (r=0. 31, p<0. 01). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that holding sports classes under the supervision of exercise physiologists is an essential matter to increase health and prevent age-related complications in elderly residents of Tehran rest homes.