JOURNAL OF PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2016 | Volume:7 | Issue:1 (14)|Papers Count:8

One of the most important aspects of Hafiz’s poems is harmony between form and sense.Their relationship is so significant that leads Hafiz to widely use the sign system and connotation in his work so that his poetry has the aesthetic form, common meaning as well as hidden and secondary meaning. The present paper aimed to show that Hafiz has used parallelism as signs to increase the meaning.Implication of signs in parallelism involves two forms including the movement of mind which is not in the direction from the parallelism in the couplet towards another word or concept which is not in the couplet; and the words in the couplet which seems not to have parallelism but they are paralleled with a word out of couplet and guide the reader' s mind towards the word. In this paper, the former is called intertextuality and the latter is called hypertext signs; totally, twelve samples were investigated using library research and on the basis of content analysis.

Seyyed Ali Mirmosaed mainly known by his pen name, Mehri, and also known as Mehri Arab has used whatever he has seen and learned from nature and society to create the theme so that he can recreate moral and educational values and traditions of love that has always been a subject of literary texts in different images. The present study presented three groups and the methods in creating themes in Mehri Arab’s sonnets. The first group included literary terms such as line, couplet, sonnets, refrain, quintets, quatrains, ambiguity, innovation, etc. In this group, Mehri tried to present lyrical themes and concepts related to the creation and attributes of God. The second group included children’s behavior such as crying, joy, throwing stones, ignorance and so on. Mehri tried to use allegory and assign children behavior as the criteria for moral and educational concepts, and also tried to show ugliness and beauty of the audience’s behavior. The third group included elements of art such as the terms related to calligraphy. The poet used these elements to present concept and romantic themes.

Feminism is a social school which was formed to defend the rights of women; in this regard most works were written by women or had the subjects about women. Feminist literature, which is the result of a social movement, is formed when a true image of a woman, her capabilities and features were available; therefore, feminist literary criticism tried to analyze and examine these works. Simin Daneshvar and Colette Khoury (Syrian writer) are among those female writers who wrote stories about women and tried to introduce women in the society. The present study tried to examine the works of these two female writers who work on female themes and also tried to answer this question that “how women's empowerments and problems were depicted in their works”? The results indicated that Simin Daneshvar and Colette Khoury paid a lot of attention to the role of women, their empowerment and independence and complained about the traditions governing the society protested. They thought that women's problems are resulted from masculinism. There is ancient culture of masculinism, behavioral abnormalities of men, women's oppression and traditionalists and women's revolt against the status quo and commemoration of the status of women which were clearly reflected in Daneshvar and Colette Khoury’s works about feminism. These two writers made every effort to eliminate discrimination against women, legal equality, equality of the sexes, and gender equality.

Genres are the best method to evaluate literary texts. This classification is a principle for the continuation of literary studies due to breadth of literature. The present study tried to examine the importance of different genres and the evolution of the concepts of epic in novels. Epic, which is the story of heroism and the civilization, is defined based on the subject, its features and functions and it was addressed in a variety of thematic categories; by examining the similarities and differences of epic with other genres of literature (myths, fables, romances, novels), it was concluded that this genre didn’t belong to special group or special period, and classification of literature cannot limit a genre which can have the characteristics of other literary texts.

Ferdowsi’s shahnameh, the greatest epic of Persian language encompasses many archetypal concepts that one of them is a hero archetype. The epic nature of its real motif (the battle between the forces of good and evil) Champion, is one of the most frequent motif. Epic heroes usually possess superhuman powers has to be born in a family of high level, However, for reasons faraway from family and the impoverished people or animals are grown. After meeting his father, his heroic journey begins. In this way he is going from the water, then get rid of it goes to battle with the dragon. In this way, as the costly grace of divine help, and a dragon appears. Requires special weapon to fight the dragon and the dragon has drawn the Shahnameh, a weapon commonly wand (wand that cow's head) is. With his own weapons and kill the dragon unleashes Khodabanoo section and will marry her. During the official visit, the hero is God and Lord of the two worlds and blessings and grace to give to your friends and vegetation returns to Earth.So what was the issue that was evaluated in this study, the epic hero's journey archetype According to Goshtasp's story, archetype of the scholars, have been studied and the special structure of the archetypal journey of this story is presented.

The present study aimed to investigate the symbol of “birds” Hamid Mosadegh poems. The study tried to classify, describe and explain symbolic meaning of “birds” in the poems using content analysis. The results showed that nine birds including swallows, pigeons, owls, bats, eagles, Phoenixes, vultures, crows were examined in Qeysar Aminpour poems were a part of Mosadegh symbolism.Symbolic concepts and meanings of birds were associated with natural features. Further, religious and cultural teachings had significant influence on the concepts which Mosadegh presented in his poetry over time. Overall, Some Mosadegh’s perceptions of birds were innovative and others rooted in cultural traditions. The formation of symbolic concepts of birds was originated from his perceptions and ability.

This paper aimed to answer the question whether the contemporary authors in terms of modernity in Iran have noticed the development and passing through tradition. And if so, which concepts have been considered? By studying five poets’ works including Nima Yooshij, Mohammad Taqi Bahar, Ahmad Shamlu, Sohrab Sepehri and Forough Farrokhzad, from 1871 to 1971, the present study tried to answer this question. Finally, by counting the traditional conceptual categories and the items and prerequisites of modernity and development, it could be concluded that the average of frequency of modern and traditional concepts used in development was the highest and the poets had the highest usage in cultural development; this changing movement in contemporary literature can be considered as a conscious movement. The works of poets indicated the insight and understandings towards the development in Iran in previous years.

Personal and social problems which caused by intellectual, emotional and spiritual conflicts are one of the factors which leads poets to despair, grief and pessimism. The examination of Shahriar poems indicated his emotional, sentimental, and sensitive moods towards his surroundings and society. Despair and pessimism, loneliness and even thinking about death are obvious in his poems. These are rooted in emotional issues, complaint about the beloved, loneliness and homesickness, social issues, failure to the youthfulness, nostalgia of childhood and cultural, political and economic issues. These factors caused his poems to be regarded as a black literature in a way that his emotional and spiritual thinking leads him to Misanthropy, and thinking about death. The present paper aimed to present some samples of his grief and despair which were illustrated in his dark, despair and sad poems.