IRANIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS
Year:2012 | Volume:3 | Issue:9|Papers Count:6

Institutional environment is one of the most important elements of the institutional framework which forms an economic system. Institutional environment is a set of institutions. Institutions are like the rules of the game in a society. Institutional environment refers to the composition and the arrangement of those rules.An economic system is based on the institutional environment and will continue. In fact, the institutional environment provides the rules of the game, both for the mechanism of the government and the market and moreover it determines the relation between the government and the market in the economic system. This study gets help from the institutional economic approach and in order to study the economic performance in selected countries, the recently developed criterion of institution quality ( IQ) has been applied.The result would be like this: the institutional environment would have dual positive effects (direct and indirect) on the economic performance, if it meets our expectations. This means that the institutional environment has considerable impact on the economic growth through both efficiency and improving the formation of the capital. This impact varies according to the institutional quality of the countries.

This research is an estimation of the exchange rate between the US Dollar and the Iranian Rial, for the period between 1352 and 1387. Using ARDL method for hypothesis testing, and selecting the optimal model, the Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) are used to test our hypothesis.The selection of the optimal model for prediction is based on the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) theory and the Monetary Approach to Balance of Payment. The results of this study indicate that the PPP model is a more accurate indicator of the exchange rate, and is therefore preferred to the monetary approach.

In this paper, the effects of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) on employment in different specialized category ranging from total labour force, plain work force, skilled work force, engineer work force, technician work force have been investigated.Independent variables include the index presentating information the index of obtaining information, the number of Internet and computer users, value added, the price of capital, wage and dependent variable is employed labour force.The study period 1385-1389 used for estimation and analysis of the results of the data panel data method. The results of the study are as follows: all technology indicators have positive effect and meaningful on employment: upon of total work force, that is, the effect produced as a result of the predominance of expressing productive effect to process effect. In the case of work force and skilled work force and a simple negative effect between technology and employment indicators confirm the expressing inability to use different specialized category of technological indicators. The index showed a significant positive effect on information and communication technology employment of technicians and engineers in the labor force in the province, and the positive effect of these hypothesis indicators on employment has been approved.

In today's world one of the objectives of any government is to achieve economic stability, so economic policy making should be suitable with the economic conditions that require the government conscious intervention to achieve macroeconomic goals. One of the basic and important principles economic policy of decision making is to examine the effects of monetary and fiscal policies on the economic and non-economic variables. Monetary policy is now one of these policies that is used as a tool for achieving economic purposes in developing countries. Some analysts believe that the effect of economic shocks on macroeconomic variables such as production, inflation and unemployment, can be least, if we use the tools correctly.On the other hand, investment is a driving force for growth and development in the economic literature. In fact, one of the variables that can change in monetary policy changes, along with other macroeconomic variables changes, is investment. Private sector investment is a part of total investment that monetary policy can make many changes in it.The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of monetary policy on private investment in Iran will be analyzed in this research during 1357-1389, via three variables: the liquidity, GDP and real interest rates. The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between liquidity and real interest rates on private investment, and also there is a significant negative relationship between GDP and private investment in the long run in Iran.

Income redistribution and establishing social justice and maintaining it are the major economic objectives that most governments are looking for them. Taxation is a tool that can redistribute wealth in society and can reduce class differences. Meanwhile, an efficient tax system could prevent the occurrence of economic corruption. Furthermore, economic security in a society with minimal risk and economic corruption can promote economic activities and lead to increase in tax revenues that help state to improve its servicesEconomic security is a kind of public good or service that cannot be produced in the private sector in the market. This market failure leads to government intervention in providing economic security. Economic security and related issues can influence business atmosphere and national income and so can affect government tax revenues. In this paper the empirical relationship between economic security and tax revenues in the selected countries of Middle East and North Africa (MENA) which have similar relative structures, have been investigated. For this purpose, the panel data models have been used to estimate mentioned relationship. According to the results, free trade as the first indicator of economic stability and security has significant and positive effect on tax revenues in MENA countries. Trade freedom, as a second variable has a significant and positive effect on tax revenues too. Financial Freedom as third indicator of economic stability and security as former variables has significant and positive effect on tax revenues. An important to be mentioned is that the property rights and tax revenues have negative relationship in the selected countries.Also, in selected countries economic growth doesn't have a positive effect on tax revenues. Inflation rate does have positive and meaningful effects on tax revenues in MENA: Variables as exports and imports as control variables as a percentage of GDP have negative and inverse effect on tax revenues a percentages of GDP and capital formation as the third control variable has a positive and meaningful effect on tax revenues in MENA.

Analysis of household behavior and how to allocate its limited income to purchase goods and services, is considered to be one of the important subjects of economics. Because in most countries, economic decision-making in order to adopt the proper economic policy for the benefit and welfare of the community, identifying household preferences and anticipating future needs is essential. Therefore, this study is aimed to analyze the consumption behavior of households in urban areas in the country (1357-87) and to estimate the demand for goods and services, representative of urban households, using the almost ideal demand and the Rotterdam demand: the two models which are compared to select the appropriate model. It should be noted that both models with the assumptions of the model with homogeneous and bound symmetrical form have been estimated.The results of own price elasticity are approximately the same (all with the expected sign) as cross-price elasticity in both models and differences found in the two models at the same level of income is 95 percent. While both types of model Product Groups of income represent equal income. Finally, the comparison test between the two models also indicate a lack of significant difference between the two models investigated.