ARMANSHAHR
Year:2011 | Volume:4 | Issue:6|Papers Count:12

Architecture, regarding its various definitions, attempts to create space and give identity to place. The factors involved in this effort, identify the mass and essence of object through their harmony and cooperation. Despite the accumulation of concepts and new knowledge, today's buildings mostly have old identity and their antiquity of thousands of years has vanished. Today's buildings are buried under the layers of style and fashion and have poor spatial merit. Moreover, despite of rapid technological advancements many buildings are easily destroyed by natural and non-natural disasters that large amount of new buildings, and pick become to hill of soil.Based on surveys and discussions in scientific societies, it can be concluded that one of the main factors of instability and lack of readability in contemporary architecture is separation of architecture concept and building engineering, especially structural engineering happening in Industrial Revolution and specialization of knowledge, however, Architecture is such knowledge that separating science, art and structure from each other is naturally impossible. This effort will lead to a horrible wound on the physical body of building.Investigating the issue and observing of the results of current constructions, makes the necessity of addressing the interaction and expression of the integrated relation of architecture and structure, clear and seeks to define richer study fields in architecture. This paper along with presenting definitions of architectural space is to focus on the role of structure on architecture and structural space from the perspective of Bax model of design process.

Urban Design is multi disciplinary activity and its goal is creation and revival of urban environment quality. Its activity range is not limited to daytimes, and it includes nighttimes. Contemporary cities have been turned to 24 hours places, accordingly, it is obvious that urban designer must engage to night environment quality.Night time, various lightings that light urban element makes various qualitative affects in spaces, according to its color, direction and its illuminant.So, nightscape must be designed simultaneously with other parts by urban designers as an inseparable part in urban spaces design. Otherwise, only illumination engineering interference may threaten character of space.Urban designers as environment quality responsible, certainly, must get some knowledge about lighting. First step of urban designer's interference in urban lighting is awareness of lighting techniques and its tools.In order to awareness of lighting techniques kinds, the researchers of this article attempt to accumulate various references of knowledge about lighting techniques and methods.This findings show that all kinds of lighting styles are due to three component of lighting change: lighting object, light source characteristics and its position. In every urban lighting plan, quality and style of lighting depend on element, light, angle and direction has been lighted. It is essential for urban designers accustom about this.This article study urban lighting styles and their usage cases, and introduce best method of lighting with present successful case of urban lighting.

Practice domain in parallel with academic domain, has an important role in career development. The main goal of this paper is presenting ideas and solutions for enhancing the adaptability of students graduating in career-based fields confronting professional areas. The urban design discipline has been emphasized in this paper. The identified themes such as globalization and Digital technology achievements like other domains of built environment knowledge, probably first appeared as problematic for practitioners rather than educators, this would be consistent with common understandings that practice knowledge (rather than theory knowledge) is a priori in professional, practice based disciplines such as urban design & architecture. It is inevitable, especially in Iran Condition that the knowledge required to participate in the life-world of practice following graduation is emergent, and probably non-learning, prior to engagement with practice. The findings of this research promote undergraduate education that is conceptualized and implemented, through critical work-based teaching and learning strategies, to prepare people to adapt to the ambiguous, knowledge-building nature of practice.

Today, the various crises threaten our cities, urban cohesion has been exposed to disorder. Urban identity and unity-is one of the special characteristics of our ancient urban planning and designing-little by little have been forgotten. Confusion and lack of urban structure cohesion with street network expansion and dominance of cars in our cities are increased so dramatically that social life and citizenship laws put at risk over the past and cover anthropocentric and human scale. Autos and pedestrians are always involved in all urban fields. New needs change cities structure and take opportunities to adapt the old structure with the current operation of cities, they gradually weaken structure of the city and finally, they are expected separation and fragmentation. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to organize transportation system and structure of urban activities in parallel and coordinately as the urban pathways act like an integrated whole and be perceived.Considering role importance of elements and structural statue of city in physical-spatial integration of urban context, this paper aims to explain the concept of structure, with emphasis on road and square elements and impact of this character on creating a coherent structure in the city are considered. Approach of this research provides a methodology in the analysis of structure based on studying and analyzing of architecture and urban design literature that framework for assessing the environmental quality that have formed based on concept of road and square and present it by descriptive and picture analyses.Research findings identify the main areas in Qazvin city that ensure social revival of city, and its physical integration, and provide solutions in order to their better enhance and performance.

Comprehensive planning model that its theoretical foundations are based on the ideas of Patrick Geddes and Abercrombie has been built in the early twentieth century, after World War II and following the need to indiscriminate expansion and reconstruction of devastated cities after the war were considered. But from the very beginning because of the fixed and rigid philosophical basis and lack of transparency in idea and too much trends in geometrical and physical thinking and no attention to economic and cultural social issues in the practice were criticized in its origins, in Europe and America. This pattern by the new model and approach such as systematic approach and then strategic planning was replaced very soon. This substitution occurred in the 1960s while our country still apply it more than half of century after the completion of this pattern in the West planning paradigm in urban development plans. The main goal of this article is feasibility of replacement strategic-structural plans with comprehensive plans by comparative approach. The research method of this paper are descriptive, analytical and studies was done by using documents, reviewing the global literature and findings are obtained from surveying objective, physical and spatial results of comprehensive plans. results show that first, comprehensive planning model with attention to fundamental flaw in the theoretical principles and practice in urban development have the lack of efficiency and competence lead to the transformation of urban development and secondly, strategic approach based on the flexibility of the foresight and participative Foundations have necessary capacity for optimum and proper planning of urban development in the country has improved.

Nowadays identification of the process of land use changes and its effective factors on it is considered as the important issues of urban planning. This research examine the effects of migration on land use changes in Islamshahr City aiming at finding a clear and logical identifying and analyzing of the dynamic and variable issues of Islamshahr City as one of the largest immigrant cities. The research methodology is descriptive and analytical, the relevant data was collected through documents and field methods. The tools used in this research are ENVI and GIS software packages, aerial photographs and satellite images of Islamshahr City. To extract land use maps from aerial photographs, handheld digital method have been used after georeferencing operations and satellite images have also been used after geometric correction through maximum likelihood methods in ENVI Software. Kappa coefficient has been calculated to assess the accuracy of the extracted maps. The results indicate that immigration has changed the use of agriculture and green space lands and converted them to urban use especially residential and transportation in Islamshahr City. Considering the importance of agriculture and green space land uses in terms of economic, environmental and etc. in addition to immigrants accepting of these cities and continuing immigration process, some recommendations have been presented to protect agriculture and green space land use and taking appropriate measures to reduce negative effects caused by the arrival of new immigrants in Islamshahr City.

Water supply and its management for cities have been the main concerns of urban mangers and planners. The recognition of the amount of water demand and its related effective factors are treated as the important parameters in managing and controlling of urban water consumption. In this study, an expert model for predicting annual water demand using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been developed for water supply of the City of Ilam. The input parameters of the model as predictive variables are: Annual Income(X1), Consumption Zone(X2), Area(X3), building area(X4), Family size(X5), Number of valves(X6), and Annual water price(X7). The output parameter is Annual Urban Residential Water Demand (AURWD). By using the collected data and their preprocessing, an optimum structure of the expert model was derived. This was composed of: 3 layers with 7 neurons in the internal level, 10 neurons in the hidden level, and one node as the external layer in which Tansing activating function has been utilized. The comparisons of quantitative and qualitative results of the expert model with the observed quantities based on statistical criteria R2, RMSE and graphical tests indicate that ANN has been effectively implicated in AURWD prediction. Also by using the effective factors, a Multi Linear Regression (MLR) equation for AURWD has been developed. Comparisons of AURWD-MLR equation results with the expert model of AURWD-ANN show the superiority of expert system based on ANN to MLR equation. Therefore, the developed expert model in this study, AURWD-ANN, can be used as an expert decision support system by urban managers and planners.

Today, in capital and many other big cities in our country, thematic parks are constructed based on women's needs. A general review features out that most of these projects lack strategic plan for women's park, so that some old parks and gardens are enclosure by high walls and even no attempts are made to standardize them as common parks. The same subject is being considered as a new trend in Iran during recent decade with different points of view while lack of social science studies calls for multi lateral survey of designer and planners. Hence, it is necessary to comprehensively study the subject with general social, cultural, recreational, health and economic objectives.Since each of mentioned objectives was effective on women's social life well being, then lack of each could cause emotional, psychological and physical needs. Therefore efforts have been made in this article to observe related objectives and components through need assessment and analytic methods.Women's comprehension from a dedicated park and their demands were obtained through observing the outcome of questionnaire and distribution of respondent percentage based on indicator graphs. Then programming and designing women park were carried out on the basis of cultural, social- participatory, leisure- recreational, health and economy points of view as a suitable step towards improving the quality level of women's social life.Women Park is an area for cultural, social-participatory, health and economic activities based on social-cultural values for women. Therefore, planning and designing of women's parks should prepare a basis for blooming, flourishing, self-confidence building, participating and occupation opportunities for women.

Designing the method of facing with any phenomena based on its essence is classified in a multilevel context. The main issue of this research is facing with the most important part of a metropolis, the historical center, which has a complicated, various and apparently anomalous identity by external forces. So designing the related facing method is more complicated.These areas are historical from one point of view, and the city center and metropolis center from another. Its historical characteristics introduce preservation approach, its central characteristics introduce development approach and finally its metropolis center characteristics introduce specific necessity of modern metropolis development in a competitive international and national environment. This research try to provide a suitable placement for metropolis historical centers in Iranian context (Tabriz City) based on CDS approach. The final goal is creation of a metropolis historical center which transform its values and heritages to an irrefutable wealth, locating supreme metropolis functions and creating essential capacity to face with future and external environment through increasing competitive power of metropolis center based on Citizen-oriented behaviors, vernacular and sustainable values.

Transportation planning estimates the number of trips generation and attraction to each land use category. In this research important factors on the trip attraction to urban park have been discussed because of importance of urban green space especially parks in the urban Planning. For this survey the Arghavan, Fadak (District Park), Atre sib (Regional Park) in Baghershar city, Tehran province have been studied. Then special model has been developed for each of them. These models generated by using standard linear regression and necessary tests have been implemented: So Tolerance, Durbin-Watson and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests are used in this research. All tests confirm the validity of regression models that calculated. The results have been shown that by increasing of the monthly household expenses, he would not like to go to the regional park. Single people prefer to go to district parks and married people tend to go to regional parks, they would like to go there in the afternoon and evening. Regional park visitors tend to spend more time to go to the better park. Older people go to district parks on the most of days, although the variable does not apply to the regional park because they aren’t able to go to a regional park. Finally according this research, social factors such as marital status, economic factors such as employment status and monthly household expenses, and other factors such as time and facilities can influence on the trip attraction to urban parks.

Rapid growth of urbanization and increase in urban population has caused different consequences in different aspects. One of the most important consequences is increase in the use of energy resources and the demand for them that is considered in two different characteristics: first, the limitation of in use energy resources, and second, environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels. Accordingly, pervasive public awareness about these characteristics and other aspects of urbanization led to the appearance of new approaches such as sustainable development, new urbanism and etc. in urban planning and design field.Energy in cities is in relation to urban planning and design factors in macro and micro scale. One the most important of such factors is physical characteristics of buildings which affects building energy consumption. Lots of research has been done in surveying the relationship between architecture elements and energy, but few researches focused on urban planning and design in relation with energy in Iran. In this essay, first, theoretical background and previous researches in the area of city and energy surveyed and assessed.Then, the urban planning and design effective factors on energy consumption in cities summarized and at the end, some implication regard to energy saving approach in residential building prepared. In next step, three scenarios proposed for 35 hectare area of Hashtgerd new town. At final step, building energy consumption in three scenarios calculated by ECOTECT software and using shadow, solar access and thermal analysis and compared with each other. The results of study show that by changing in form, orientation, density and elevation of residential buildings, building energy consumption decreased by 45 percent.

The aim of present article is to examine the impact of urban rules and regulations on realizing integrated urban management in Tehran Metropolitan Area. First, the urban management and integrated urban management literature is reviewed, analyzing and determining the role of regulations in urban management. Then for answering the research questions, we utilize mixed method approach, based on this approach, the needed data is gathered, using case study method (qualitative) and survey method (quantitative). In the present research, data were gathered from 64 academic staff and managers in the field of urban management and urban planning. Data analysis was conducted using K-S test, one sample and two independent samples t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings show the impact of rules and regulations on integrated urban management (sig=0.000).These findings also show the impact of functional, structural and organizational factors on integrated urban management (sig=0.000). Finally, based on these findings, the importance of rules and regulations in integrated urban management and present implications for improvement of urban management in Tehran metropolitan are discussed.