STUDIES OF LITERARY CRITICISM (LITERARY RESEARCH)
Year:2011 | Volume:- | Issue:23|Papers Count:11

Jalal Al-e Ahmad, one of the efficient authors of 40s AP, has challenged the social, political and doctrinal issues. Criticizing the society’s issues is not only obvious in his articles and other writings, but also in his short stories. Al-e Ahmad, in his short story collections, criticizes the adversity and backwardness of the common people, the prevalence of superstitious beliefs, the inattentiveness of people to the society, political manipulation and unfavorable ways to achieve fame, the disappearance and cultural origins and religious fanaticism, and, like many other critical works, uses the satirical concepts in order to set forth these subjects. Al-e Ahmad, as well as implementing satire in the theme of his stories, implements the verbal satire. For this purpose, he makes the satirizing mechanisms serve in the story which include folkloric ironies and interpretations, satirical similes, metaphor, conflict, repeat, hyperbole, contempt, paradox, homonymy, ambiguity, personification, euphemism, contrast (regarding eloquence), mixing different linguistic registers, breaking coherence regulations, lexical filtering etc. (regarding grammar).

Sheikh Mahmoud Shabestari-the poet of 7-8 A.D centuries, whit “the Garden of secret” and sheikh, Shahabaddin, Ebrahim Golshani called “blossoms garden” Both Sheikhs emphasized mystical system of pantheism and theology-oriented system and based their Mathnavis (couplet poems) on philosophical subjects of the theologians with stages of cordial journeys of mystics giving it a unique tone. They have expressed reasoning and knowledge in the light of Quran’s teachings within a divine body and discipline framework, by a code language.After a brief introduction of both works, poets’ influences on each other are discussed. Then, common points of view of both Sheikhs in formal and spiritual aspects are analyzed and similar concepts are collected to which descriptions of mystical terms such as pantheism, epiphany, loving movement, existential hierarchies, and perfect man are attached which were useful for penetration into thoughts of both sheikhs and solving problems and ambiguities in their couplet verses.

Educational novels of the 19th century France are amongst realistic novels that show the readers reality just the way it is. These Kinds of novels are amongst the means of analyzing religious, political, and economic forms of 19th century literature in which the social search is done by the hero of the novel, who tries to progress and succeed in the political and social chaos of the 19th century society.In this article, the researcher has tried to picture and analyze factors that have been effective in formation and improvement of the hero and have affected his personality, then informing the reader of these factors and their influence on the novels that are going to be discussed.

Leo Strauss a German-born Jewish-American Political Philosopher had serious critiques on Liberal education, progressivism and John dewey.According to Strauss’s view, liberal society is a result of liberal education hence because of defaults of this Kind of liberal education We Find the neglect of elites and Great Minds and becoming a Mass democracy.Strauss separates two types of Liberal education. The original meaning of liberal education is useful but the society based on progressivism’s liberal education consists in learning to listen to still and small voices and therefore in becoming deaf to loudspeakers. Liberal education, on his view, seeks light but shuns the limelight.

Orient has always been an epitome of culture and human civilization for learned men and philosophers and also a source of human intellectual and spiritual life. A brief review of the history of the influences from the thoughts of the thinkers throughout different periods especially the enlightenment period justifies the aforementioned fact. Literature as a bridge between the intellectual way auf thinking and mainstream of the society and as panoramic mirror of the rules and rituals of the society has exerted a significant role in educational matters.The present paper has dealt with the impact of literature in developing the ethical values in the society through a comparative survey of ethical and didactic fables of Saadi’s Golestan and those of Lessing.

Phoenix is a mythical bird, which its death and rebirth in a splendid and effective way is the symbol of resurrection which is followed by immortality, the human being historical wish. Creation of Phoenix myth and its life cycle of birth and death which indeed gives images of a fictitious death is indicating the way of human vision towards death and its ever thirst for a second life. The present script has tried to investigate the above mentioned process with a mythical vision amongst different nations and especially Iranian way of looking in to the myth. To achieve the goal it has been tried to assess and review the process of death and rebirth of the mythical bird, thing like being a bird, the fire which burns the bird, the ash which makes the foundation of resurrection and finally the concept of its death and rebirth.

Medical terms used by some Persian poets, on the one hand ennobles the theme of Persian poetry and makes readers willing to read their works and on the other expands new research horizons. Being acquainted with all secrets of literary techniques, Hakim Nezami had some basic knowledge on medical science matters as well as herbals. In this study, it’s been tried to explore Hakim’s great poem anthologies to extract the relevant issues on herbal medicine. Here, the issues are validated against the prime Islamic medical books like Ghanoon of Ibn sina, Jorjani’s Kharazmshahi Zakhireh, Zakaria’s Al Havi, etc.

This Article is under the title of Imagery in couple-prose of “Nazer and Manzoor”. Verbal ornament are clear stream which has been to the word pond and make it dynamic and sweet. Because of this, resorting to simile, it makes to influence further.The style of Vahshi Bafghi is classic and the images in his poems are clear and objective. The simile of additional eloquent in the highest rank showing the especial attention of the poet to the clearest and more beautiful kind of simile. In Morsal simile, such as in the form, in the face, character, object and ect. taking into consideration as Simile which is the style signs of poet. The simple words of the poet to be caused to create the most sense to sense simile. From the view of shape, Mafroogh simile makes the most images. In “Nazer and Manzoor” the abstract elements and Shahzadeh E Manzoor will form the most images. The interest of poet to his environs of environment to be caused the things and natural element to create the most dynamic and alive images in each two work.The poet by using the factors such as exaggerate in simile, mixture in the ornaments of recognition, the size and good state and tendency to description creates enduring images.Contents of ethical, arbitration, also, lovely images “Nazer and Manzoor” has also effected on literal, emotional delight, thought and the mind of human.

Rationalism is an idea which is fundamentally based on reasoning and gaining it through experience.This kind of reasoning is either called inductive or deductive reasoning.In fact reasoning which is the ability to think, understand and form opinions and judgments based on facts, is a distinctive feature of human being and it differentiates humans from animals and other creatures in this world.This article is an attempt to identify the importance of reasoning or Rationalism in some Iranian’s works literary style which is called Khorasani’s poetic style and how this concept expressed in their verses.Most poets attempted to describe the nature and gave us the very detailed description of it. Just the way a painter did in drawing painting.In fact they adopt both naturalism and Rationalism at the same time in their poetic style.Roodaki, Naser Khosro, Ferdowsi and Khayyam are poets that, have obtained Rationalism by using of naturalism.