PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2012 | Volume:4 | Issue:11|Papers Count:10

In this article, we investigate the relation between language and culture, linguistically and psycholinguistically, excellently dealt with in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. After portraying the subject, we attempt to elucidate it with the analysis of pros and cons of the views on this area. It will then be claimed that the system of linguistic forms has a strong effect on the world-view of speakers and also acquiring and perceiving of many concepts, relying on rational and empirical evidences extracted from known languages such as English, Persian, Arabic and also distant languages such as Hopi, Maya, etc. Based on cognitive approach, we will also try to prove that single concepts and compound concepts, contrary to the assumption, function divergently in thinking process.

Hbsyh, any one of the poet's poetry is the conscience of her B sin, separation from relatives and friends, prison difficulties, resorting to elders and Amir and... word says. In Arabic and Persian poetry, famous choral reputation in this field have reached. Abvfras Hamdani, poet and composer Abbasid period of the "Romans" in Arabic literature, the lead ball is stolen from others. Bahar poet laureate of the poets of the period Constitutional Persian literature is considered that the prison years Bndmvyh that is pulled up to the order. This research is based on the American school in comparative literature review and comparative analysis of themes and structures common or Hbsyh differently by the two poets pay. The basic research topics include:A) a short preface, writing about Hbsyh garlic in Persian and Arabic literature and research overview.B) Comparative analysis of the content and structure of para Mvyh Abvfras and Bahar.

Formalists consider literary works without concentration of ersonality, spiritual, and beliefs of writer. According to them, a litrary work is an absolute form. Therefore, in confronting to a literary work, form is important, and not meaning. They believe that the literary world is different from the real world, and it is not expected to gain knowledge from literary works. According to formalists, literary feats is worth to criticize because of their clear language, syntax, and artistic methods. The poems of Hafez which is a high example of eloquence, the delicacy of the poetic style and sentences, the miracle of speech, and the kinds of ambiguity, obscurity, symmetry, paradox, and the rules of phonetics, meaning, and even spiritual matters, is one of the suitable texts to criticize according to formalists.In this paper, the writer criticizes a lyric poem of this poet from the view of formalists.

One of the masterpieces of Persian literature is the epic of “Rostam and Sohrab”. One of the difficult couplets In this story, is at a time when Sohrab is killed by mistake by Rostam and Rostam wants to construct a tomb for him; Rostam says: “If I construct a golden tomb for Sohrab, when I leave the tomb, it will not abide; accordingly he construct a tomb with an underground cote (or hoofs) of hoofed quadrupeds (The word of “som” in Persian language conveys two meanings: 1. hoof, 2. underground cote).Researchers asked: why Rostam says such speaking? And why Rostam construct a tomb with underground cote (or hoofs) of hoofed quadrupeds. They tried to answer these questions with mythological approach and they disregard to atmosphere of the story.The author attempted to answer to these questions by considering the atmosphere of the story. In this tragedy, Sohrab numbered an enemy; therefore if Rostam constructed a trimmed tomb for Sohrab, the Iranian soldiery might to destroy that tomb; therefore Rostam chose an underground cote to bury Sohrab and then hid the ground.

A) Writing rules, that is, to continue the ancient rule of writing in eliminating the characters of “ ق و ع و ظ و ط و ض و ص و ح و ث” With the observation of this ancient rule we can gradually change these characters in to other ones, as it has been done with “ط” which has changed into “ت”. In continuation, it is possible to leave out some signs as in “Tashdid & Tanwin, Writing the words as they are spoken and leaving spaces between the words and characters. This section includes eight suggestion solutions.B) Conceptual rules, There are some different opinions as to writing words either separated or connected. With approving some general rules, it is possible to solve some of the problems of Persian writing instruction. In this article, I have tried to present to suggest some rules to facilitate learning Persian writing for both Persian and non- Persian speaking learners.

Type and modality of ‘description’ has always had significance and special manifestation in the poetry of different periods of Persian Literature, so that study and analysis of descriptions is highly instrumental in stylistic trends of literary works. In contemporary poetry also analysis of descriptions in many cases demonstrates norm-breaking and innovative approaches of poets, in consequence of their regarding affairs from a novel viewpoint.Due to significance of descriptions and their sublime position in literary works it is necessary to investigate these works in this regard. The present study firstly seeks to investigate types of description in Forough Farrokhzad’s poetry on the basis of some definitions in Arabic language and literature, and also the tropes the poet has practiced in this regard such as simile and personification as the most frequent ones. Secondly, epithets are analyzed in terms of grammatical concerns. These epithets are categorized according to Dr. Ali-mohamad Haghshenas’ Persian grammar and treatment of each epithet considering their grammatical structures is examined statistically.

Proverbs are part of the oral literature said and heard in each language and culture, but their subjects differ from society to society. They show the interests and disgusts of every society and in fact they are the reflection of the culture of each society, as well. Characteristics of proverbs include anonymous author, oral transmission from generation to generation, and unknown origin. Since the formation of a proverb has no logical or scientific base, whatever the members of a society distance themselves from traditional and irrational behavior towards rational manner, then the use of proverb is reduced and in approving or rejecting a case individuals use proverb less, as logical reasoning helps them more. Some of these proverbs has gender base. The aim of this article is to determine the amount of the use of gender proverbs among people in Tehran. The methodology is based on survey research method. Statistical population is people in Tehran and the measurement tool is researcher-made questionnaire. Gender proverbs were set among common proverbs and 71 people including men and women in Tehran had filled the questionnaires. One of the most important findings of this project is that the amount of the use of gender proverbs among men is 0. 93 and among women is 0. 74 in the 0-4 scale in this statistical population.

National identity plays such the most crucial role in forming plot and themes in an author's mind that characters in his story sometimes find the same identity. Migration in modern time is one of the ways which distant people from their national identity and culture and leaves them disserted in "liminal" space. Living in liminal space encounters migrated people with the most terrible challenge of their lives which coping with cultural shock. Asian people and specially women are facing with more serious challenge in this way, so some female authors, like JhumpaLahiri and MehrnooshMazarie, have tried to show the way women encounter with this challenge. This paper investigating challenging national identity of migrated oriental woman is postcolonial comparative study of abovementioned female authors' fictions. Migrated Asian women living at liminal space at west have to cope with accepting a new identity called transnational identity which is modern man's activity to forget his/her national identity and cultural roots and cope with new space's foreign culture. This paper aims at investigating characters and personal traits at both authors' works to study the way transnational identity forms in Iranian and Indian women living at west. The paper aims at studying the way migrated Asian women get influence by receiving transnational identity. Also, using HomiBhabha postcolonial theories to study authors' fictions can show the true image of migrated Asian women at west. Since the Asian women with transnational identity are new women with new abilities and this image which need to be studied and presented, the paper aims at studying the new image of migrated Asian women by means they try to keep on their national culture and identity and live in borders of cultural spaces of multicultural society.