PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2012 | Volume:3 | Issue:9|Papers Count:9

Interpretation of lexicons in ForoughFarrokhzad's poetry reflects poet's personal experiences and worldview. Psychoanalysis criticism is maybe the best way to study dominant sensual traits and emotions of the poet and his contemporaries. Also, it can help the critic to study individual and collective unconsciousness of contemporary generation of poet's time. Jacques Marie EmileLacan, French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist whose interdisciplinary work influenced by Hegel's dialectic and Ferdinand de Saussure linguistics, was as a self-proclaimed Freudian. His ideas went beyond the boundaries of psychoanalysis in a way that turn it to an interdisciplinary discipline mixed with other sciences. Lacan's first official contribution to psychoanalysis was the mirror stage which was later followed and at the same time developed based on three orders including the imaginary, the symbolic and the real. This paper aims at studying ForughFarrokhzad's famous poem "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season "through the lens of Lacan's ideas regarding the unconscious, which is structured like a Language, as well as psychological development of the subject. The paper tries to study the subjectivity based on the language, thought and lexicons disclosing unconscious mind of the subject of the poem. Employing Lacan's ideas including three orders, Other/other, trauma of the real and Lack, the paper reads lexicons, images, language and the unconscious mind of the subject and poet in her famous poem from a work with the same name: "Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season".

Love (amour) is one of the prominent concepts of Iranian-Islamic mysticism which is used widely in Khosravani and later centuries’ mysticism schools. Therefore, according to the subject, three questions have been answered in this article: First, are there any similarities between Savaneh al-oshshagh, Tamhidat, Nameha and Lavayeh in term of love? Second, are these similarities in terms of the notion, indicating impression or influence of these two mystics on each other? Third, which part of this impression or influence is considered as the most? This paper has tried to classify and compare and contrast components of love (amour) from Ahmad Ghazzali and Eyn al-GhozzatHamedani’s point of view. The research result shows that similarities between words, terms and concepts on the one hand and the teacher and student relationship between Ahmad Ghazzali and Eyn al-GhozzatHamedani on the other hand, is the chief reason for the wide and undeniable influence of Ahmad Ghazali’s point of view on Eyn al-GhozzatHamedani. Hence, the majority of these influences are in the field of mystical-amorous styles and approaches.

The present article aims at discussing some mystic doctrines in the collection of the prominent poet named Bidel-E-Dehlavi. To do so, evidences of the mentioned doctrines are found and analyzed in some verses of Bidel written in Hindi style. Some certain significant principles which have been often neglected compared with those oft-discussed elements such as imagism, condensed allegories and etc. The mystic elements might be found in the works of many poets, but the matter of interest for the author of the present article is the delicacy with which Dehlavi has treated those doctrines. Moreover, an attempt is made to show the proficiency of the poet over the mystic elements, which has added to the poetry’s stability besides its literary aesthesis. The significance of this study is that Mystic Doctrines in Bidel-E-Dehlavi’spoetry has reference to Holly Quran.

In the history of Islamic notion and theosophy, Mansour Hallaj is one of the myths who last forever in the mind of people and his lovers. He is one of the characters in Persian Literature who has been known for a lot of exaggerative speeches and acceptance and rejection of his thoughts has always been the base for heated debates. In Islam religion and Islamic theosophy, there have been lots of fables combined with realities so far as it is so difficult to distinguish between the reality of his life and the real position of his thoughts.Hallaj had a theosophical way of life which was his personal style of living. Many theosophists followed and admired his theosophical way of life. One of the issues which were set as a challenge by Hallaj is his concepts towards Satan and his disobedience.In the first part of this paper, the authors have tried to investigate the viewpoints of Hallaj about devil and in the second part; his followers and proponents will be identified. This paper aims at studying Hallaj and his viewpoints about Satan who he had considered as the master and figure for the world’s monotheist.

"Incarnation and Unification" are two of the controversial issues in Islamic mysticism and Sufism which have been condemned by the majority of Islamic scholars and mystics. According to these scholars, it is against Sharia'ah and Tariqa (Sharia'ah and Sufi order); however, some statements have been quoted from a few of Sufis which seemingly denote incarnation and unification. The researchers with mystical order have either been uncertain on the appropriateness to attribution to Sufis, or have interpreted them in way which will lead to incarnation and unification. Imam Mohammad Ghazali is one of the hardworking and influential intellectuals in the field of Islamic mysticism and Sufism. Although Ghazali was seriously against the idea of incarnation and unification, he has engaged himself in interpreting and justifying the Great men of Sufism. This actual fact ended to accusing him of contradicting (inconsistency) in this respect. In this study, effort has been made to investigate the issue of incarnation and unification. This paper also investigates the ways of interpreting and commenting on the statements of some of the Great men of Sufism utilizing descriptive-analytical method shedding some light on the views of Imam Mohammad Ghazali.

One the important discussion of mythological criticism school is “archetypes”. The archetypes are mental package that give us the all of the human’s mental features since ancient age up to now. The one of these archetypes that has not already explored extensively is the “water”. This paper has attempted to investigate archetypes and collective unconscious, as well as functions of “water” archetype in myth and mythical epic. Among these functions the followings are considered the most considerable in epic: creation of world by “water”, passing mythical hero from water and his birthday, immortality and getting life shield against death by water, cleaning of spiritual of human and objects by water and tie of water and snake in myth. Finally, applying the mythological approach the paper investigates an archetype in Persian epic, Rostam’s Flag, which is similar to dragon.

Romantic Movement reacted against the restraint New Classicism literature originated when gifted and courageous writers invented new ways to express their feelings The main principles of this school were freedom, bond to nature, free expression of emotion and excitement (such as grief, love, solitude and remind of death), travel in time and journey to name a few. SyabBadr Shakeris one of the pioneers of modern romantic Arabic poetry whose poems touch the romantic elements like naturalism and historical travel. On the other hand, QeysarAminpour, who is a giftedcontemporary Persian poet, is a talented poet in expressing the feelings and emotions in his poetry. Since the motif in his texts is mostly expressing the pain and agony, he is considered as a poet of recalling the pains, andhe dubbed the namethe poets of pain and grief.This paper tries to study the principle of romanticism used by the both poets and also, compare and contrast the methodologies used in stating the romantic elements in Badr Shaker Syab and QeysarAminpourtexts.

Pure writing is a tendency that its focal point rests in language purification of foreign elements and it could be mostly seen into prose. This cultural and political tendency has flourished after the constitutional revolution over the first Pahlavi era (1314-1320). Emphasis on the past glory of ancient Iran, nationalism and language-driven concerns were among determinants arisen the approach and made Farsi purified of Arabic.This paper investigates the popularity and application of this writing style over recent centuries-constitutional period afterwards. Then, the most significant consequence in language planning and Academy formation has been investigated. Moreover, the study has analyzed triple Academies-monitored by government, their word-building achievement and pure-idealism, all aimed at language purification.