PERSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
Year:2013 | Volume:4 | Issue:13|Papers Count:16

Existences and its related topics in the Islamic Gnosticism have special importance. In this case, scholars and grandees of these series have presented the outstanding theories. In this paper, existence and its derivatives such as divine names and traits, expression and manifestation have discussed by these dynasties. So, we try to point out theories of their scholars about Gnostic doctrine and the present differences and similarities in their views. Some Of them emphasize on the relationship between existence with Universe and human beings that the real existence belongs to god and other creatures are his manifestations. For instance, Saadaddin Hamoyyeh, Azizaddin Nasafi, repeatedly say that Allah is the existence of the posing nothingness, and all creatures are the nothingness of the posing existence.

Concept creating is making or discovering the relationship or finding a new integration between a subject and an object which have no apparent relationship. Concept creating is more common in one of the Persian poetry styles called Indian style that Kalim Kashani, a famous poet of 11th century, is an adherent of this style, and his book (complete poetical works) containing 590 lyrics is one of the significant works of the era. One of the prominent characteristics of his lyrics is concept creating. Methods and tricks of concept creating include: equation style, exaggeration, wide simile and motifs, which have been used in perfection by Kalim. In order to examine the methods and tricks of concept creating, Kalim’s book has been studied and facts containing concepts have been extracted, evaluated and described in some sections of equation styles including: exaggeration, wide simile and motifs.  Examining concept creating in Kalim’s poems, it became clear that this poet has used equation style to create concept more than all the other methods by applying wide simile, motifs and exaggeration.

Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. Naturalism is the outgrowth of literary realism, a prominent literary movement in mid-19th-century France and elsewhere. Naturalistic writers were influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, philosophical-literal ideas of Taine and experiments of a physiologist named Claude Bernard. Also, philosophical opinions of Kant and Taine which were based on interpretations of social life and relationships influenced the principles of naturalism importantly. Thus, Naturalists believe that people’s behavior has the tendency to be objectified and treated like a machine and it would be impossible to judge it morally because of heredity, environment and moment is inevitable. Hence, we can have knowledge of the mechanisms of natural phenomena in man to define rational and emotional parts of his being which are under the influence of heredity, environment, and the moment. This paper aimed at identifying and describing the naturalistic aspects of Mahmoud Dowlatabadi stories. Naturalistic analysis of his stories can help us to have better in depth insight of his ideology.

Although influence of Persian language in India had begun in the late first Hejri century by Persian Muslim invasion to India, establishing the Persian ruling dynasty and Safavid Period reach to its climax. In this period, many Iranian artists, poets and writers went to India and settled there and also a lot of Indians taught the Persian language and created lots of works. Abdulbaqi nahavandi one of those who went to India at the age of forty- has written a book"Ma'aser Rahimi" on the history and the greatest of India. This book includes Abdolrahim khan khanan's works and news, his individual personality, descent, servants, comrades and poets and also some issue about previous kings of India and especially about Noraldin Mohammad Jahangir Ghazi and his dynasty . This paper is an attempt to introduce this valuable work and it's writer.

Forough Farrokhzad is a unique woman poet in the history of modern Persian literature. Her poems, especially in her last volumes, concerns about apprehensions and obsessions of modern human beings, as well as her own distinctive poetic ideas and thoughts. No doubt, these particular ideas was emanating from poet’s collective unconscious. Symbols and archetypes displayed in Forrough’s poetry have much deeper and more comprehensive connotation of what the poet thought. Appreciating the symbols and archetypes in her poetry, this paper aims at studying the origin of external embodiment of her applied symbols and finding its root in society and culture. So, this can uncover the deeper layers of the meaning and initiates the other different interpretations. This study tries to use one of the branches of psychoanalytic theories of criticism (mythological criticism) to explore archetypes, interpretation and analysis of the social and cultural origins of the poem “In those day”. The main focus of research methodology lies on the theory of Northrop Frye (1991-1912) and his mythos theory categorizing four seasons in any literary work. Frye believes that every season of human life has its own unique feelings and sensations manifested in symbols and archetypes in literary work. Appreciating these archetypes and symbols in Forrough’s poetry and analyzing their social, cultural references and roots can help the reader to read collective unconscious of both poet and people of her time.

Structuralism approach to a literary works provides more suitable perception of literature nature because of focusing on the internal text elements and discovering their connecting pattern. It enables the critic to extend patterns for processing a literary text. Among structuralism critics, one group deal with narrative forms and investigation of story element and their combination rules, that among them 'Claud Bremond' and 'Tzvetan Todorov' suggested a layout that is based the relationship between smallest units. In the analyzed stories, first of all, there is balanced situation, then something happens and the primary state changes. Later, the unbalanced state forms its previous situation and state. In this paper, two anecdotes from Saadi’s Bustan have been selected to be analyzed based on Todorov and Bremond’s sequences pattern. The research has been conducted based on library-analytical research methods and the paper suggests that narrative structure of anecdotes is consistent with the applied theories.

This paper reviews what has been one of the most important issues of intellectual life in specific and human beings in general which is death and different opinions associated with it. Rumi’s words regarding death are deeply meaningful. To investigate this phenomenon, two works of Rumi's including Mathnawi and Fihi Ma Fihi was reviewed and all comments and allegories were extracted and analyzed. Rumi's works are explored in terms of death in two ways: the first which is in general is that death occurs for every creature and living things will pass through this stage in their lives. Second, there is an elective death explored in terms of knowledge, holy Quran and Hadith. Rumi has depicted a very accurate and allegorical picture about elective death in his works. Also, he has been able to transfer his knowledge and viewpoint towards death to his reader in comparison with other Sufis.

Literature has boundless capacity with literary context in the form of poem, prose or both of them. The different between poem and prose is that poem has special music feeling and imagination that is more powerful than prose, but it doesn’t necessarily mean that prose is unfilled with music. There are different styles of music in poetry which one of them is external music related to poem rhythm. One of the famous and powerful poets in Persian literature is Sanaee Ghaznavi who used this music skillfully. There are a few rhythm deficiencies in his lyrics indicating that form has an importance value in Persian poetry as well as the meaning and content. This paper aims at analyzing the external music in Sanaee Ghaznavi’s poetry.