ARABIC LANGUAGE & LITERATURE
Year:2016 | Volume:11 | Issue:4|Papers Count:8

Panegyric constitutes a substantial part of the poems al-Mutanabi and includes lament of Fatek. He is the one who went with him after suffering for kafoor lowliness. This poem features for variety of topics and from deconstruct in current practices in panegyric. He deals with various topics in this ode instead of focusing on deceased and his attribute as others have done. In this paper we tried to study these sections and specify where panegyric Interfere with other topics. And we explain elements of poetic language. In other words, we will specify language tools that is used by al-Mutanabbi in three Level: vocabulary, sound and rhetoric. Finally, we found that interference of variety topics in this qasidah is evident in poetic language. And this makes different using of language. However, the meanings that relate to panegyric dominate the poem. Namely when we find interference at the purpose of poem grief forms fixed part in this interference. Therefore the tools that are related to grief have a significant presence.

Here we mean by romantic school and its features as an introverted lyric school which opposed to the basics classicism. Having their social frustrations and observing disorders, Romantics expressed their feelings freely and lamented oppositely. Ibn al-Rumi's poetry was the most similar manner to the romantic school in the old Arabic poetry. Based on Descriptive-Analytic method, importance of this ongoing study lies in exploring direct dependency of contemporary literary taproots on Arabic classic Literature and demonstrates that in spite of its modern nomination, Romanticism is not a new phenomenon and its features are rooted in Arabic classic literature. This article is a new light on the Arabic poetry heritage which if you are tracings some characteristics of the Romantic Movement, you can find it as a lyric – romantic literature. The research also for example shows that lbn al-Rumi's social conditions namely saying loss of love and to get rid of social offences are similar to that of Romanticism. Some other findings in this research shows Romantic characteristics in the poetry of lbn al-Rumi are refuge to the nature, living in it, expressing the concerns and sorrows, loneliness in Ibn al-Rumi's poetry was a reflection of poet's hatred of people in his societies and retirement. This aspect is the main poetic characteristics that are counterparts of the basics of romantic's school. Moreover this research also puts stress on necessity of new readings in Arabic classic poetry provided to that these new readings be in a logical trend.

The language of a poet was in fact an expression of mental and emotional aspects of the creation and creativity seem. Although the study of literary style of prominent importance to know the method used to introduce his work to the reader and the reader of this study had to understand those aspects inherent in the creativity of the writers. There have been numerous methods established by the study to determine the curriculum, including the manner in which he talked about Saad Maslouh which may be taken from the equation discovered by German researcher Bozeman which is based on census vocabulary used by the writer. This census is limited in the number of verbs and adjectives used by the writer in his work. On the basis of this census and the number that gets the proportion of the number of acts to the qualities that the reader can understand the extent of emotional writer and Scientific whatever ratio increased or decreased the equation in this way will help us to distinguish between language and prose poetry. This article, which carried out a comparative study of the method of eulogies al-Mutanabi and the son of Carefree that the al-Mutanabi style of praise that we have chosen at random from his office more edgy style of the son of Carefree in poem have led. These two poets were though some of the faces of similarity which led to be called the son of Carefree al-Mutanabi in the West, their method differs in the eulogies al-Mutanabi was more edgy than eulogies son of Carefree. The praise takes when every one of them a special approach is differentiated in panegyric poem about the other; it was Hani to rhyme used and the weight prosody be endorsed by the circumstances surrounding each poet impact in changing the n P r in their hair and be endorsed changing the way poem accordingly arises.

This article discusses about romantic and its appearance of al-Sharif al-Razi’s poems, the famous poet of Abbasiedera. Although he was living before appearance of romantic school for centuries but many of contemporary romantic Arab poets, before appearance of blank verse, were influenced by his poems and its concepts, especially his Hejaziat poems. The most important romantic elements that appears obviously in his poems. And this article, discusses them, are: emotion, fantasy, organic unity, nature, loneliness, love and romantic concepts. That’s why we can call this classic poet, a romantic poet, before appearance of contemporary romantic school. The importance of the article originates from the necessity of evaluating the classic poem and trying to discover the relation between the classic Arabic poem and modern Arabic poem because some romantic poets in current Arabic poem were influenced by al-Sharif al-Razi. And we used the analytic and explanatory way and tried to adjust the principles of romantic of al-Sharif al-Razi’s poet.

Migratory poets, particularly the poets of The Pen League, has used a number of concepts in their writings, including human, society, politics, etc. However, "nature" had a significant role in their works. They used it as a beautiful charming phenomenon that is deserved to be described, in one hand, and as a mean to convey their message to their readers, in another hand. And there are sometimes contradictions in what these poets have written. And since there is an undeniable position for the nature in the work of the poets of this association, its aspects need to be studied and fully analyzed so the aim of these poets of using it in their writings could be understood. Gibran Khalil Gibran, who has a special position in the Arabic literature, is characterized by many aspects; which made him the father of many migratory poets. And as his personal and romantic life made him a special personality, the "nature" had a philosophical and artistic characteristic to him. Gibran was a painter and a photographer and he was influenced by the great European philosophers, and he also travelled to various cities and lived among different societies which affected much on his behaviors and manners, and consequently, on his literature, in which "nature" has a remarkable rank. This article investigates the concept of "nature" according to Khalil Gibran from different perspectives and tries to shed light upon Gibran's literature of nature, who was able to draw masterpieces out of words; nevertheless, we find contradictions in his views on human nature as he moves away from it when it contradicts his personal views and he even objects some matters that harmonize with human nature and temperament. Among the most significant results of this research, is that Gibran has used the elements of the nature in his works due to several reasons, one of which is to attract the readers by the beauty of the places he describes. The research also proves the influence of philosophical thoughts on his literature which made him opposed the material life, and consequently, caused his sympathy for the nature. This research follows a descriptive and analytic approach which is mostly based on analyzing selected examples of his poems.

Nahj al-Balagha contains great styles which has attracted the attention of critics and rhetoric scholars from ancient times to the present day. Imam Ali (as) did not abandon any rhetoric methods in this book so that his word is refined with a beautiful and clear language. The importance of the present study is that it tries to review priority and tardiness de-familiarization style in the sermons of Nahj al-Balagha by a descriptive – analytic method. The obtained results show that Imam Ali did not use priority and tardiness method with the aim of imitating what was customary in Arabic as opposed to its conventional systems; but rather to benefit the interpretation of the inner thoughts and feelings. So the rhetorical purposes of his method is not limited to the effort and attention but he paid attention to other intentions such as warning, punishment, encouragement, bow, stating the cause, accelerate the joy in the hearts of the listeners, surprise and so on. Sometimes two intentions (spiritual and literal) are used in a sermon at the same time which this property represents the indication value in his rhetorical thinking. Interestingly, his intellectual genius has been able to help him to benefit from a de-familiarized text in his mental images.

There is no doubt that Arabic and Persian literature with their ancient Experience, have affected each other From the earliest time like the wine poetry which is founded by Abu Nuwas one of the greatest poet in Arabic literature, and it has become a perfect pattern for the poets in Arabic and Persian literature like Hafez Shirazi, the head of Persian poets. This article has proceeded to study Abu Nuwas and Hafez Shirazi's poems, with descriptive analysis method in comparative literature based on American approach, in order to find out abnormal human behavior in their societies and compare these with each other. The importance of this study appears in comparing literary productions of these two poets in both Arabic and Persian literatures from the perspective of the socio- moral stances and their attitude towards it. Hypocrisy, Stinginess and blaming others are the most important current social issues in their poetry. They could appear those problems by way of their literary skills and using humorous.

Mutaharon means sacred and pure, in other word, holy and sacred people. But there are different opinions in idiom or instance. According to the importance of this issue and its role in receiving this important thought, instances and proofs of this term are investigated by descriptive –analytic method. Then, it is attempted to reach consensus in different opinions. Interpreters have different views in this issue and they are divided into three parts. In first part, views of interpreters who considered angels as sacred people have been criticized. Their reasons are the trend of verses of al-Waqi’a (the chapter of Quran) and ancestors' words being faced with dispute. In second part, evident mentioned by interpreters are investigated; that is, angels and those having religious purity have been confirmed and shown that this theory is incomplete. Third part showed that several degrees of scared (Mutaharoon) people can be the different evident for this interpretation and prophets and imams are the complete stances of Mutaharoon (scared people) in this verse according to purification verse and other evident.