ARABIC LANGUAGE & LITERATURE
Year:2015 | Volume:10 | Issue:4|Papers Count:9

Alienation is a phenomenon as ancient as human history, represented in Arabic poetry since long ago. Many past critics have dealt with the issue, but this has especially been considered in recent Arabic literature due to its direct relation with socio-political events. Alienation has a lot of different causes and has made contemporary poets resort to complicated and ambiguous styles of expression so that they could transmit their suffering from those causes secretly. This, however, does not exclude the mentioning of such themes in more explicit poetic styles. Among plain language, poetry of contemporary Arabic literature that deals with the alienation theme is that of Ahmad Safi Najafi. This prolific poet has produced many books covering a variety of themes, his works being considered as encyclopedic. He has taken advantage of humor and satire in his social and ethical criticism, but traces of sorrow are manifest all throughout his work. This article tries to depict the amount and the kind of alienation affecting the poet by reviewing his poetry. The results show that he was the one who suffered from all forms of alienation, a fact that could be traced in almost all his poems.

Certainly death is a big concern for mankind. Surely man deals with death just as an ideology he believes in it. Death is one of the main subjects in Samih Al-Qasim’s poetry, because he has given special attention to death. This study attempts to examine Samih Al-Qasim’s ideology about his attitude towards death, just as it intends to reveal his formed motives about this subject because his aesthetic view about death strengthens the resistance mentality in Palestinians that it causes the imagination of death change their ideas. So in poet’s opinion death is considered as a commitment in political, native, national and individual aspects. This research is based on descriptive and analytic method and concentrated on the text of poems. Studying death dimensions and its forms in this poet’s works, makes clear for us that the poet worked on this problem in two levels: individually or collectively, so we studied these two levels in political, national or racial problems, and we discovered his aesthetic view about the words related to death and its expressions, that the poet relies on them to state the situation of occupation. Samih Al-Qasim has obtained the expressions of constancy and bravery from the concept of death. In the text of his poems we observe a strong correlation among native, political, national and humane cases through the concept of ideological death. Therefore in poet’s opinion death is a life. In addition, we experience an aesthetic attitude about death in intertextuality, myth, personification and paradox methods!

In the past, Arab critics and rhetoricians studied repetition in Arabic language. Repetition is one of the main roots of a motif. In literature, it signifies the main idea or something that is repeated. This phenomenon is found in the poetry of Adib Kamal al-Din. He is a contemporary Iraqi poet who currently lives in Australia as an emigrant, and still expresses his feelings and emotions through poetic forms. Some letters were recognized in the name of the poet, because he has great ideas in letters. The researcher intends to investigate the motif of life and death in the poetry of Adib Kamal al-Din from two perspectives: repeating a word or repeating the concept of a word. The poet considers oppression as death and death as oppression. He also considers freedom as life and life as freedom, and chooses these concepts accurately. By studying the poetry of Adib Kamal al-Din, it will be found that the poet widens his vision more, includes intertextuality (especially Quranic intertextuality) in his poetry, and evokes civilization (especially religious figures). All these are to reinforce the motif based on which he has composed his poem. The researcher intends to conduct this descriptive-analytical study to show why the poet was oriented towards different motifs. Finally, it will be concluded that the poet considers motif as a safe haven for himself.

No doubt that in following political, social and economic changes in society’s literature changes, too. Literature of Egypt is not an exception from this rule and this problem can be seen in literature of this country after Revolution 1952 that story writers, by turning to new styles, could create new story forms. For example, it can be pointed out, abandoning creation of hero and also, number of many characters exist in a story that this problem has caused no interference of writer and imposition of his/her views and thus, making multi-vocal in a story “Gamal al-Qitani” is from writers for 1960s generation in Egypt that has created his works by inspiring heritage and his novel “al-Zainy Barakat” is a good sample to put aside old story writing style. From features of this novel is multi-vocal that has been apparent in variety of view angle and also, in different ideological views of characters and variety of novel style.

Understanding the depth of Holy Quran’s meanings needs a comprehensive research, since sometimes the mysterious aspects of Holy Quran remains hidden for the addressee. Therefore, through relying on various sciences the meaning should be inferred from among meanings and delighted words. One of these secrets is the thematic unity in the Surahs of Holy Quran, especially in the long Surahs. When we look at the appearance of long Surahs at first it seems that there is no relationship between different contents of theses Surahs but when you look at them from thematic unity point of view you can see a fundamental purpose and a central core in various images that are designed inside and outside the verses in conjunction with other Surahs and therefore you can see the chain of concepts within them. Therefore the present article by the use of descriptive analytic approach aims to investigate the thematic unity in al-A`raf Surah. It also aims to study the components of this Surah and investigate that how each components describe the main theme, it also is going to investigate the relationship and coordination between its components. The results of present study indicates that conflict and confrontation are among prominent features of this Surah, since it states the conflict between right and wrong or good and evil and persuades human being to choose one of these groups.

Mohammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri as a true and right speech poet has presented to us the reality of contemporary Iraq history clearly. His life was full of important events that were common in Iraq community and the poet situated among them, and during his life had rebelled against them and all of these dominations are reflected in his poetry. He was under his father’s strong dominance in his childhood, and his father ruled and led his life according his will. When he was young his life passed amid political domination of the Ottoman monarchy and colonialism that all had negative effect on looting of the Iraq people. As he was suffered from inherited habits of dominance society, which is held people in cultural and cognitive regression. He criticized the religion claimants since he believed that they exploited the poor people in the name of religion and they put pressure on them. What prompted me in doing this research and writing this paper is that all researchers have limited and included the life of al-Jawahiri in only three dominations: political dominance, inherited imitation dominance, religion claimants’ dominance, but they remained unaware of the root and principle of all dominations, the father’s dominance. If al-Jawahiri rebelled against three dominations and their agents, They had rooted in his childhood which was passed in his father’s strong dominance. He never yield and give up against all dominances, but his father’s dominance since he was child and was not able to do something. 6 While he not only had negative attitude against three dominance, but also against them he had a modification, enlightened attitude and stste.

History is an important material for writer Adding to his themes and his characters and worlds of text, The play as a genre have to do with history and glue, So the author sees in the events of history or his characters similar events or personalities contemporary Tries to connect between history and the present in his play And to express them through the past about some contemporary issues, This is what we call semantic employment history. Of plays that hired her history as a key play «Tamerlane landing» for theatrical Syrian Abd al-fattah Qal'aji, The writer presents the trial of Tamerlane in the other world And reveals the crimes committed by the tyrant. The present study looking for aspects of this confluence of theatrical history, hoboot the elements to demonstrate the similarities and the difference between the play and the historical origin, and in the end got to Qal'aji inspired by personal Tamerlane And reflected their historical equivalents corresponding to any current government Succeeded in contemporary Spra fathom.

Briefness has two groups: shortness briefness and omission briefness, that both kinds have high position and a great impact on Arabic language. Omission means not to need word and this word could be a sentence, less than a sentence or more than that and these are the case that omitting a sentence is better than mention it. Omission has a tight and close relation to word means, implication and its power. Omission in syntax and eloquence is the same. The scientists of these two science paid attention on it from different aspects such as advantages, styles reasons, condition and divisions. The outcomes of some of these different opinions are: a) Some omission motivations are contraction, easy to memorize near to understand, stricture of position, hiding something from a non-listener, avidness and learning intense meaning, from word is slender. b) using omission in presenting affection, plain of feeling apologize, lugubrious is possible. c) In syntax, most of the time there is no independent place for omission; however that omission in different field such as subject, verb, subject omission, object omission, is applicable. d) Scientists of eloquence paid attention on the reason of omission. And mentioned points, in this regard and also rhetorical aspects at omission in Quran. e) Among omission styles or adjectives styles, default or contraction there are differences. The mentioned points are specific secrets that depend on the position, feeling and word passion.