Payesh
Year:2008 | Volume:7 | Issue:3|Papers Count:18

Objective(s): To determining of sodium nitrite in susage and compasion with amount of standard and change of nitrite in the course of time. Methods: For sampling, took action in thirty different time production (P<0.05) from every one of eleven factory products that enter meat products to Semnan Province and samples transferred to laboratory. For determining of nitrite was used from standard number 923 that has been given by Iran standard office. After the determining of nitrite concentration in samples was taken action respect estimation of confidence space mean with P<0.05 in total samples and was analyzed meanings with amount of standard. Results: In examination of nitrite in products gave in susags A 54.5 and 55.16, in B 33 and 26.33, in C 7.9 and 7.73, in D 32.1 and 31.33, in E 23.47 and 19.23, in F 54.9 and 48.77 and in C (Tehran) 36.17 and 25.7, in H 19.3 and 13.57, in L 20.43 and 22.9, in K 39.8 and 34, in M 36.6 and 14.63 milligram in kilogram that amounts of theirs with P<0.05 had very meaning different with amount of standard. In examination A products for determining of time effect amount of nitrite gave in first, seventh, tenth, fourteenth day in manner 50, 43, 42, 39 and in F products in first, seventh, fourteenth in manner 52, 51, 42 milligram in kilogram. Conclusion: In products of A, D, F, B, E, G, C, H, K, L, M, amount of nitrite was lower than standard and was not problem in this products. Also with examination one sample of products two factories in different times was distinguished that amount of nitrite decreases in meat products in the course of time.

Objective(s): To determine the quality of midwives' performance in delivering prenatal cares in urban health centers in Mashhad in 2001. Methods: In this descriptive study, the performance of 37 midwives from 26 urban health centers (selected by multi-stage random sampling) was observed on three separate occasions. Data were collected by administrating a self-report questionnaire dealing with personal characteristics of the midwives and an observation form used for assessing the quality of prenatal care based on the existing prenatal care guidelines. Data analysis included chi-square and T- tests and was performed using the SPSS package. Results: In this study, the practice score was good in 18.5% of the midwives, while 70% showed moderate, and 11.5% showed poor performance. Only 55.8% of prenatal care items were performed appropriately. , referral for laboratory tests, fetal heart rate auscultation, control of vaccination status, estimating the date of delivery and history taking were good in most cases, whereas physical examination, assessment of common complaints, consultation and recommendation for the place of delivery were at an undesirable level. Conclusion: It seems that certain areas of prenatal care, such as physical examination and assessment of common complaints, which are important in the diagnosis and treatment of obstetric disorders, are largely neglected in urban health centers. Hence to address these problems and improve practice in prenatal care, midwives and other health workers must receive further training. The quality of prenatal care in urban health centers must be supervised and monitored accurately.

Objective(s): To determine nutritional status and associated non-dietary factors in the elderly living in nursing homes of Tehran and Shemiranat, 2004. Methods: In a cross-sectional study that used two-stage cluster sampling, 290 elderly subjects were randomly selected from 15 nursing homes. We measured anthropometric indices and filled the MNA questionnaire) Mini Nutritional Assessment) and another one dealing with non-dietary factors associated with nutritional status. We calculated the total MNA score for nutritional status and determined the correlations between factors and total point were analyzed. Results: In this survey, 12.8% of the subjects were malnourished and 56.2% were at risk of malnutrition. Data analysis indicated that the use of drugs, psychological stress or acute disease, mobility, neuropsychological problems, depression, time spend, self assessment of nutritional and health status had significant relationship with nutritional status as measured by the MNA. Conclusion: According to high percentage of malnourished subjects and those at risk of malnutrition, nutritional interventions seem necessary. In addition, to diagnose early malnutrition; we suggest filling the MNA questionnaire for every elderly person upon admission to the nursing home.

Objective(s): To evaluate the etiology of cataract and prevalence and correlation of risk factors with various types of cataract. Methods: Among the patients who underwent cataract surgery in Labafinejad Hospital in 2004, 400 patients were chosen by a systemic sampling method. Information were collected from the patients' records and recorded in a check list. Results: Senile and congenital types of cataract were the most prevalent in the sample. There was a correlation between age, mean age, sex, type of involvement and type of cataract. Among systemic diseases, hypertension was the most common (35.5%), followed by diabetes mellitus (22%). In slit lamp examination, of congenital cases, the most common opacity was lamellar type and in other types of cataract, mixed opacity was the most common type. Conclusion: In this study the proportion of male cases was greater than that reported in other studies. Meanwhile, 65.5% of the patients were under the age of 70, which shows the need for evaluation of the relatively low age of onset in Iran.

Objective(s): Injuries and deaths from traffic crashes have become a major public health and socio-economic problem in Iran. Our study aimed to investigate patterns of road traffic injuries (RTI) in Shahrood and to furnish evidence for developing measures and strategies and to improve RTI. Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was performed on cases of road traffic injury admitted between 21 Mars and 22 Sept 2005 (the first six months of Iranian calendar) to the trauma center of Imam Hossein Hospital in Shahrood. ِData were collected by a questionnaire and analyzed with regard to demographic, pre-hospital and hospital information. Results: Of the 621 injured traffic victims admitted over the 6-month period, 72% were men. The majority were in the 20-29y (30/3%) and 13-19y (19/6%) age categories. The mean age of the men and women were 29/2±15/2   and 32±16/6 respectively. Motorcyclists were more likely to be injured in urban areas whereas the majority of car drivers and occupants had been injured on country roads. Moreover, 63/8% of the subjects were admitted as inpatients and the mean length of hospitalization was 3 days ± 3/4 and 8 subjects had undergone amputations. Fracture of bones (41/4%) was the most common injury; 30% of the road injuries occurred from 10 am to 1 pm. A total of 90.1% of motorcycle drivers were not wearing helmets and 44/1% of injured car drivers were not using seat belt. Thirty-one deaths were recorded, accounting for 18% of all deaths registered at Imam Hossein Hospital. Conclusion: This study provides useful information for establishing priorities for the prevention of road accident injuries. Only a minority of motorcyclists and car drivers used safety devices (helmet and seat belt respectively) at the time of accident. Strategies to reduce RTI would include: improving the road traffic environment, setting road safety rules and ensuring compliance, developing stakeholder coalitions, changing current perceptions and promotion of healthy practices by enforcing the laws requiring the use of helmets and safety belts a helmet and seatbelt.

Objective(s): We evaluated the effect of the timing of admission in labor on the occurrence of obstetrical complications. Methods: The study involved a comparison between 460 low-risk nulliparous women who were admitted on labor unit in latent phase with 329 parturients admitted in the active phase with singleton pregnancy, intact membranes, and low risk as determined by their physicians according to the protocols of prenatal care. Results: There were more cesarean deliveries in the latent phase than in the active phase (64/5% vs24/3% P<0/0001) .The main reasons for cesarean delivery in the latent phase and active phase were dystocia and fetal distress. The rate of dystocia in the latent phase was greater than in the active phase. (32/6% vs 24/3% P=0/0048). The oxytocin dose was greater in the latent phase than in the active phase (1/1±0/7 vs 0/18±0/1).Conclusion: Our results show that more cesarean operations are performed in women admitted during the latent phase of labor.

Objective(s): To determine the rate of Pediculosis Capitis among Iranian students participating in bonyad-e-mostazafan summer camps. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of Perdiculosis Capitis rate among 13206 students from different provinces of Iran in 1384 (2005). The students were examined immediately after arrival the camps. Examination was then carried out by general practitionnaires through direct observation of the hair. The hair and scalp were examined for Pediculosis Capitis by hand separation of the hair every 1-2 cm. the presence of either live or head eggs, or nits, was considered infestation with Pediculosis Capitis. The data analysis was done by SPSS soft ware and chi square. Results: The total number of children from 21 provinces of Iran was 13, 206. Of all these subjects, 758(5.7%) were infested by Pediculosis Capitis. 3 (0.1%) of the infested cases were boys and 755 (9.9%) were girls. The results showed a significant sex difference in infested cases (P=0/000). The most prevalence was seen in Sistan & Baluchestan (11.1%). Hormozgan (10.6%). and Ardebil (7.1%). Also according the results, the education level of the mother, was found to be associated with the rate of infestation (P=0.039). Father education level had no meaningful association.Conclusion: Pediculosis Capitis infestation is a disease of adolescence with a higher prevalence in girls. This skin parasite has a wide distribution all over the country and a significant association with sex and maternal education.

Objective(s): The present study examines the mental health of labors diagnosed with CLBP in one of the Iranian industrial factory as one of the top ranked factories in the Middle-East. Methods: In all, 45 people with CLBP and 72 controls were entered into the study. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and a pain questionnaire were administered to assess mental health and pain intensity. Results: Findings showed a significant difference between the two groups; the overall level of mental health in CLBPP was significantly lower than the control group. However, no significant difference was shown in the Social Dysfunctional (SD) subscale, CLBP patients showed a noticeable difference in the rest subscales. Patients with more sick leave, showed more anxiety, depression and social dysfunction. In addition, there were significant difference in the sleep disorder, fatigue and job satisfaction between CLBP patients and control group but no significant difference was shown in the smoking.Conclusion: According to our hypothesis, CLP impressed mental health in more aspects; anxiety and depression as two important factors for disability are related to sick leave and job satisfaction. Main results of the present study are congruent with the previous researches in this field.

Objective(s): The Trans theoretical Model is a behavior change model that incorporates the stages of change in physical activity behavior. The aim of this study was to determine these stages in adults living in Bandar Abbas, Iran. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. Using cluster random sampling, 1600 subjects, aged 15 years and over, were studied from April to May 2007 in Bandar Abbas, Iran. To describe different levels of behavior change, we used The Physical Activity Staging questionnaire and collected data on five stages of physical activity change, including pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, readiness and maintenance. Results: In all, 1600 individuals with a mean age of 40.1±15.2 were studied. Among these, 724 (49.4) were men. A total of 959 individuals (59.9%) were at pre-contemplation stage and 1.3%, 3.2%, 0.5 % and 35.1% were at stages of contemplation, readiness, action, and maintenance respectively.  There were statistically significant differences between stages of change with regard to gender, age, and education (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study revealed the majority of participants were in pre-contemplation and contemplation stages. These findings should be considered in future studies.

Objective(s): The main purpose of the study was the development of a self-assessment tool for research organizations to enable them to assess knowledge translation in their own settings. Methods: The development of this self-assessment tool is done based on a narrative review and subsequent focus group discussions, to design a knowledge translation model that would provide a conceptual framework for linking the different components of a knowledge translation cycle, which reported previously. Repeatability of the self-assessment domains was assessed in the 21 participants using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Each participant filled the form twice within a two-week interval. The internal consistency for each domain was estimated in the 45 study subjects using Cronbach’s alpha. Results: This self-assessment tool is an instrument that allows stakeholders in a research organization to review their own knowledge translation activities. This tool consists of 50 statements in four domains; 1- The research question, 2- Knowledge production, 3- Knowledge transfer and 4- Promoting the use of evidence. The respective ICCs and Cronbach’s alpha for the four domains were 0.94 and 0.79 for the research question, 0.87 and 0.70 for knowledge production, 0.90 and 0.86 for knowledge transfer, 0.48 and 0.27 for promoting the use of evidence. Conclusion: This self-assessment tool is a way of listing the wide range of variables that affect knowledge translation at organizational level. Although the tool is intended for use by a group of people and not by individuals, it is not a survey instrument and its results should not be interpreted quantitatively. Therefore, this self-assessment tool can be useful for assessing the knowledge translation activities of each research organization, thereby identifying its shortcomings and seeking ways to improve them.

Objective(s): To validate Persian version of the FSFI and to determine its diagnostic cut off score. Methods: This was a descriptive analytic study. To fill in the Persian version of the FSFI. In addition clinical interviews were carried out by a psychiatrist on DSM-4 criteria. Women divided in two age and educational matched groups: the control group (n=28) who have not sexual dysfunction and the case group (n=53) who have sexual dysfunction. Data were analyzed by Cronbach’s alpha and validity was assessed by comparing mean scores of two groups. Optimal cut off score determined by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Results: The findings showed satisfactory results for full scale and each subscale with Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.66 or above for sexually dysfunctional sample and 0.70 or above for sexually active sample. Discriminant validity confirmed the ability of both total and domain scores to differentiate between active and inactive women. On the basis of sensitivity and specificity analyses we found that the optimal cut off score was found to be 28 for differentiating women with and without sexual dysfunction. Conclusion: The findings showed that the Iranian version of Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring sexual function in women.

Objective(s): To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection, as a blood borne viral infection, among prisoners and its associated factors in Iran. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 5317 inmates, who had stayed in prison for at least 3 months, were tested in 7 provinces from 2001 to 2005. The degree of contamination with HBV and its association with age and drug abuse were evaluated. Results: The frequency of contamination with HBV ranged from 1% to 15% in different prisons. Overall frequency was 6.7 % (95% CI: 6.1%-7.4%). The crude and adjusted association between HBV infection and age was studied. While adjusted for prisons. The result showed no significant association between age and HBV infection (P=0.88) based on Mantel Heanszel test. However, there was a significant association between HBV infection and drug abuse in two out of seven prisons (where the data was available).Conclusion: The frequency of contamination with HBV infection is relatively high (more than twice) in prisons comparing to the general population (6.7% VS 2.8%). Planning regular screening, preventive practices such as vaccination against HBV in prisoners as well as easy access to therapeutic facilities are highly recommended.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the nutritional status of adolescent girls in two educational districts in the city of Kerman. There were some social and economic differences between the two districts. Methods: We went to schools in the two districts and picked 395 students by classified cluster sampling. Questionnaires dealing with social and economic data were filled up by interviewing mothers and for an approximate 20% of the sample blood tests were performed to measure hemoglobin and hematocrit. Assessment of nutritional status was done using the following indices: weight for age (WA), height for age (HA) and Body Mass Index. The WA and HA were evaluated based on NCHS and the BMI was assessed based on CDC data. Results: The mean hemoglobin values in the first and second districts were 13.97 and 14.04, while mean hematocrit values in districts 1 and 2 were 43.05% and 43.7% respectively; none of these differences were statistically significant. The rate of severe malnutrition in the first and second districts based on the index of weight for age and according to standard growth charts were 3.9% and 4.7%, while the same rate based on the index of height for age was 7% and 4.7% respectively. These differences were not statistically significant. Intake of energy, protein, vitamin A, iron and zinc was greater in the first district but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Our findings showed that in both districts the rate of protein and iron intake exceeded 100% of RDA; the rate of zinc intake in the first district was 106.2%. In both districts the lowest amount of intake was recorded for calcium. The difference between the daily intakes of nutrients in the two districts was not statistically significant.Conclusion: This study showed that the nutritional status is similar in the two educational districts of Kerman in terms of anemia, food intake and malnutrition; we recommend that their intake of foods rich in calcium and vitamin A be increased.