Historical Sciences Studies
Year:2016 | Volume:7 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:8

Increasingly, Aq Qoyunlu rule and Ottoman Empire were inclined to contradict in the half of 9th/15th century. Access to central Anatolia for Aq Qoyunlu was a pivotal enterprise by which could develop its commercial ties. In contrast, Ottomans tried to counteract the Aq Qoyunlu strives and thwarted its close relation with Venice since Ottomans regarded the latter as an archenemy in Europe. Foremost Aq Qoyunlu ruler decided to consolidate his situation and competed with Ottomans in Anatolia secondly. The article is based on descriptive-analytical method and intends to investigate the enterprises of Aq Qoyunlu rulers to connect with the European ports on the other side of the Black sea and Mediterranean Sea. In the first stage, However, defeat of Aq Qoyunlu in the reign of Uzun Hasan (Hasan padishah) and economic decline by Ottoman advancement in the second step was the result of mentioned process.

The subject of conflict between shia and sunni is one of the most pivotal subjects in Islamic history and Islamic thought. This subject includes various aspects of religious, social and political and thereby many researchers using different tools and methods have addressed them based on their perspectives. One of these researchers is Dr. Ali Alwardi (1913-1995), an Iraqi sociologist and historian who in this article we have addressed to his perspective and attitude on this phenomenon. Alwardi is a writer who has many fans in Iraq and other Arabic countries and also around the world and this further shows and clarifies the importance of his texts, since he has a great and deep influence on his society. In general perspective of alwardi, the main conflict and difference between shia and sunni is mainly because of the gap between idealistic and realistic manners in social and historical streams. In this way he has interpreted the many events at the commencement of Islam. In this article it has been tried to discuss his perspectives in these areas.

The relation of Pan-Iranist Party and the National Front of Iran until 1953 Iranian coup d'é tat is of great importance in its periods of activity. This relation can be examined at two different levels: the obvious and pervasive support, and the opposition and separation. In the first period, the Pan-Iranist Party supported the objectives and activities of the National Front party, particularly the nationalization of the oil industry. In the second period, this support changed into opposition and even confrontation. The backgrounds and reasons of this political behavior are different and influenced by two ideals of nationalism and kingdom of the Pan-Iranist Party. Participating in protests, Conflicts with the Tudeh Party, Articles published in newspapers and magazines party. In this course, support Changed the opposition and even Conversion the clash. And Its expression can be traced in the developments leading to the 1953 Iranian coup d'é tat. The key question is what is the different political context and the reason for this behavior? The backgrounds and reasons of this political behavior are different and influenced by two ideals of nationalism and kingdom of the Pan-Iranist Party. Nationalism is the Aspect of common political affinity and the fate of Iranian ancient royal tradition led by the National Front when faced with the threat of removal, Spot the difference between the two flows together. Other important issues also played a role in the spread of differences between political behavior of doctor mossadegh in dealing with the opposition, particularly the Tudeh Party, Activity governments of Britain and America, inner issues such National Front as the relationship between doctor Mossadegh's and Ayatollah Kashani.

The term “ Sā nā d” i-e (Persian Historical document) is an important key word in history. Although there are many researches about purport, applicable field of “ Sanad” But historical Linguistic of this term is little-known. In regard to that this word have not a long use by mean “ written” and “ document” in Iranian historical texts, therefore mind question of this article is: When this term in recent mean, used in Islamic historical text? Results of this article prove that “ Sanad” by different sense and late 15th century, has become common through Persian texts, particularly administration texts.

In order to understand the unknown parts of history, having access to new historical documents and their interrelationship could be a breakthrough for researchers in the field of history. In this context, coins and numismatic knowledge are known as valuable resources to clarify the historical uncertainties such as geographical names and their evolution, discovering unknown cities, their names, their location, and their importance in the corresponding historical period, the names of the kings and the governments and etc. This is because, most of the changes are not well recorded or has not become accessible in contemporary era. In this study, the location of Jafar-Abad and the hypothesis of its neighborhood with Qazvin have been investigated and interpreted systematically in the light of historical documents and the images of the minted coins, which is in contrast with studies done by different numismatic opinions.

Reviewing the dialogues in the press of Constitutional Era, especially its usage climax as a faç ade of new criticism, is our basic goal in this study. Emphasizing the press, as a principal tool of informing /reporting of the time, is due to their critical role. The main query, here, is that, can we thematically put these discourses into analogous approaches? Applying a descriptive-analytic method and studying the remanent volumes of 82 gathered newspapers of the time; we came to the conclusion that using this kind of discourses is the result of familiarization with western texts, and after the appearance the Naseri worksof intellectualism was reflected in the other Persian newspapers, both out and inside this country, respectively. In these dialogues, Iran affairs were compared with those of France and Japan. Thematically, these dialogues were of critical attitudes toward Qajar Dystiny and the opponents of the Constitutional System.

Last years of 19th century witnessed to rise of an intellectual movement in the Muslim-settled lands of Russian empire. This movement was called Jadidism due to its main cause that was modernizing educational system of RussianMuslimsocieties. ItsoriginalbasewasCrimeaandIsmail Gasprinskii, its founder, was a Tatar intellectual whose main concern was to introduce a new method of education for Muslim societies of Russian Muslims as a way to modernize this societies. To actualize his ideas, Gasprinskii constituted a newspaper under the Persian title of Tercuman and wrote some popular treatises which contained his modern thoughts. During 1880’ s Gasprinskii’ s ideas were propagated throughout the Russian empire and welcomed by a group of central Asian intellectuals as well. This cultural movement led to formation of a modernizing discourse which for nearly four decades prevailed intellectual sphere of Russian empire. The present paper addressed one rather neglected feather of this movement and aims to investigate its role in cultural passing of central Asia from Islamic era to soviet Russia. It also attempts to give an explanation of Jadidism and its theoretical and historical formation in connection with Russification programs of Russian government toward its Muslim societies. The results show that Jadidism as a cultural movement has had some clear connections with Russification policies.

This research effort to understand the Qasim Amin thinking about the Woman Question. This article responds to this question that How did he formulat­ his texts? In this regard, he used Fairclough critical Discourse Analysis theoretical approach­ . Theory of this article is his books shows inequality in social rights of women. He undermines traditional Egyptian society and he influenced by the west orientation hegemony. Amin breaks the prevailing discourse in society, this discours was influenced by Patriarchal ideas and tradition and he created new discours. Amin challenge inequality in the society. He thinks that can make changes by using ­ western thinking about women.