RAYS OF CRITICISM IN ARABIC AND PERSIAN
Year:2015 | Volume:5 | Issue:19|Papers Count:7

Freedom is one of the most fundamental principles of Existentialist Philosophy. This philosophy refuses the difference between human and his freedom while having absolute approach to freedom principle –it does not mean anarchy. Sohayl Edris's novels reflect many principles of this philosophy such that they had great contribution in developing this literary school as a philosophy with complicated language in Arabic world and this novelist is one of the greatest promoters of Existentialism in Arabic literature. The novel Our Fingers that Are Burning as the last part of his "al-solsiah" (The trilogy) is one of his most expressive works in representing existentialist freedom. The author has dedicated the most part of the novel to description of the issue. This novel features a symbol of an existentialist hero who cries existentialist freedom slogan according to severe need of Arabic human to it in this society. The present study is to discuss issue of this freedom in the novel and to represent its features relying on descriptive and analytical method. The results show that the hero's most important mission of the novel is promotion of absolute existentialist freedom i.e. he refuses whatever which is against absoluteness of freedom. But he does not mean anarchy and dissoluteness when speaking of this kind of freedom. Of course signs of responsibility and commitment are seen in it. Hence, the hero of the story struggles with a kind of existentialist angst for its accomplishment.

Literature of resistance is the sign of conscious conscience against violence of enemies and restoring human rights and also a collective reaction against domination of oppression that may be imposed from inside or outside. As a country in which policies of terror, oppression and war by the "Baath regime", attacks of America ,and imposing global sanctions observed during recent few decades, Iraq has been a proper context for rise of resistance literature and warrior and exiled poets. "Adnan Al-Saeq" (born1955), contemporary Iraqi poet, is one of these poets whose poetic concepts are an outcry against the oppression of "Baath regime" and American occupation and abuses of world superpowers and a cry for union with mass movements and defense of the oppressed Palestinian people. Adnan uses different techniques in expressing his purposes including calling religious-historical events, applying masks of some historical figures, fictional odes, conversation elements, satire , burlesques, and symbolism.

The Story entitled "Little Black Fish" written by Samad Behrangi is a parable which expresses our surrounding life realities. Main core and texture of the story is based on mysteries by which plot of the story has been enriched. The storyteller has composed his story according to romantic movement and basics of this school including invitation to life realities with serious intentions, praising human values and freedom which have been reflected well in it. It is worth mentioning that romantic aspect of the story has never detached it from humans' life realities and has not caused its fall into hallucination and idealism. Hence this story is around real events of life and it aims to encourage humans to optimize life quality. Present study investigates structure and content of most famous story written by contemporary well known Iranian storyteller Samad Behrangi in descriptive-analytical method and themes combined with allegory and parable in the light of romantic movement. Besides, characters and events of the story have been analyzed with mystery and parable approaches. Among most important findings of the study is that romantic aspect of Behrangi's story has origin in realities that he has touched them deeply and mysterious elements of the story represents conditions of the writer's time.

Village is among most important subjects which most writers have referred to in their books. There is purity, intimacy and original environment not being polluted by city in the village as there is such oppression and cruelty in it that corrupts its face. We can find few writers or poets who have not spoken about the village and its oppression or beautiful and original nature. Romantics portray magical beauty and effects of the village as singing birds and very tall trees while Realists show the oppression existing there and describe farmer's miserable life who spend most of their time working on the farm so that they can mention awkwardness and injustices. In this paper, pastoral literature in Iran and Egypt has been discussed and we have compared two novels that is "Al-Arz" by Abd Al-Rahman Al-Sharqawi and Kaleidar by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi and their similarities and differences have been mentioned here. Having invested these novels we concluded that Kaleidar by Dowlatabadi is in highest degree of novelty and technical beauties. Although Al-Sharqawi's novel, Al-Arz, is a masterpiece in Egyptian literature, we can state without exaggeration that it is not comparable to Kaleidar linguistically and semantically because creator of this novel has written his masterpiece far from ideological tendencies. In addition its language is of highest level in innovation and stability.

In all places and eras, human has been concerned with thought of fate of the spirit and he has some imaginations about the world after death and destiny of dead souls based on his knowledge. Ardaviraf's travel story to Hell, Purgatory and Eden and visiting Emshasepandan and Ahooramazda is of this kind. This paper is to investigate and analyze this valuable literary masterpiece and to describe experiences of Ardaviraf about visiting Eden, Hell and Purgatory and reward or punishment that spirits of benefactors and evildoers will receive because of their actions in this material world. It also shows what he observes and features in this journey has not been born of his mind and imagination but corresponds with myths of end of the universe among ancient Iranians.

The novel Sorayya in Coma by Esmaeel Fasih is among contemporary novels in which some important periods of historical and political life of Iran (the eighties) have been presented. Presence of the other in Iran is pointed and emphasized in the novel. In this paper, the other against "native" or same "Iranian essence" is whoever does not carry Iranian identity or nationality. Discussion method is analytical here and it has been tried to describe interpretation provisions and methods of "the other" including its set of values, culture manifestations, life style, religion, beliefs, dressing, customs and traditions as much as possible. The other's face- western or eastern- has been drawn abundantly in Sorayya in Coma. A corrupted and negative picture of the American, the Arab and the Turkish can be seen clearly in this novel. Although France is a European country, a logical and balanced picture of it has formed in personalities' subjectivity of the novel. Fasih has presented "native" face in character of Sorayya in this novel such that Status of Sorayya projects in mind the condition of Iran during imposed war.

Newspaper is not merely a tool for showing sufferings, but considered as a tool for expressing thought that receives its effect from power of words. Satirical literature has taken up a great area of the newspaper to express different issues. Expressing sufferings in a humorous way makes the audience or reader laugh and is useful as a sharp tool for warning about defects. Egyptian journalist, Ahmed Rajab, is among those who has understood responsibility for his nation and published his critical opinions in Egyptian newspapers. The reader of this paper will find that his satire is not sarcastic, while it reaches its objective well. Rajab utilizes both informal and eloquent language in his writings. It is stated in this paper that the press and society can't be separated. This paper shows the role of satirical literature and its position in the press and utilizes stylistics and descriptive-analytical approach. The conciseness of Ahmed Rajab's prose and his sensational imagery using current realities and important role of informal language with eloquent language are major findings of this paper.