RAYS OF CRITICISM IN ARABIC AND PERSIAN
Year:2018 | Volume:8 | Issue:3 (31) |Papers Count:6

The novel, forms as a structure of narrative elements that makes it coherent. The place is one of these elements. It is enumerated by some people as the corner-stone of novel. Other critics consider it as a secondary element, serves other elements such as time and personality. This research studies the place and its effect on personality in 'Hā mil al-warda al-orjowā nyya' by Lebanese writer 'antwan al-dowaihi'. One of the purposes of this research is to explain how 'novels space' forms from transposition and movement of characters in place, and from irony (contrast and tension) between them. The main reason to choose this novel as the case is that it includes compact place signs such as prison. This research is planned to expound the concept of 'novels space' and how it forms. The method of this research is structuralism genetic. Of the most important results of this research is that novel revealed irony (contrast and tension) of place, so that it has effected the personality, as if there is mutual influence between them which causes the formation of the main space manifestation of the novel in suppression and freedom.

Today there are various definitions of the 'image'. The most general concept of it as Day Lewis says: 'is a painting resulted from words or is an effort for linguistic show of experience as artistic form. Poet's success in artistic expression and creative application of language is termed rhethoric. Accurate reflection of reality without interference of imagination can weaken or destroy rhethoric. So, literary schools insist on the necessity of taking into account image constituents and they formulated it according to certain philosophical principles. By such looking, it is obvious that the difference between the attitudes of literary schools depends on the difference between their related philosophical bases. The two schools of parnassism and romanticism are also have totally opposite views to the art of poetic constituents because of the difference between their interested philosophical bases. Thus, the present article seeks to study fundamental bases of image rhethoric from the view point of these two schools, and deal with the preparatory causes of this confrontation. Then seeks to explain manifestations of this contrast. The most important achievement of the article is that the most remarkable features reflect in the attention to or ignorance of the individuality, to serve the beuty as device or target, and the way of encounter with the nature.

Mustafa Wahbi al-Tall, known as ͑ Arā r(1899-1949 AD) is one of the great poets of Jordan. He is known as the 'Father of Jordan contemporary poetry'. When ͑ Arā r received a versified translation ofthe rubā ʿ iyā t-e-Khayyā m (Quatrains of Khayyam), he became interested in and fond of them, and composedKhayyā m-type poems. So, we can say that it is too difficult to understandhis poems and mastering his poetic themes without understanding philosophy and thoughts of Khayyā m. In order to determine the degree of poet's reliance on his poetic ability in creating new images, the article tries to have a technical look in his khamryyā t (wine poems). Similie, metaphor, hyperbole and so on are the most important devices which are investigated in the article. The results of the research show that there is no traces of the influence of imaginary pictures of Khayyā m on Arā r and the so called influence is due to the traces of Khayyam's philosophical thoughts in Arā r poems.

Polyphony is a technique that was proposed in novel and stories by Mikhail MikhailovichBakhtin and then by postmodernists. In Polyphony, multiple sounds of different characters are heard and the sound of main narrator of novel is forgotten. So there are some narrators in polyphony novels, and the common order of narrating story is not seen in such novels. We can say in such novels, different and even antithetic situations have special sounds. These sounds are placed between conversations of characters. Polyphony is one of the important properties of metanarrative. Merging subsidiary stories in the framework of main story, expressing daily dreams in a narrative frame and a world of dreams and nightmares are some properties of this kind of story. This property is existed in novel of "confesses of sound hider" (e`eterafatokatemalsout) by "mo`nes al-Razaz", the writer has merged a subsidiary story in the framework of main story. He uses daily memories and describes the dreams and nightmares of story characters. So the sounds of all novel characters have a role, and we can say that the novel doesn't have a normal form of first-person narrator or the third-person narrator. Although the third-person narrator occasionally appears, and intermixes to the other narrators of novel, but the narration direction of novel is continuing by sounds of the other characters. This essay explains about the polyphony technique and its sources, then surveys this technique and different narrators in the novel. And also, it surveys merging subsidiary stories in the framework of main story and appearance of a world of dreams and nightmares. This property has frequently a special place in polyphony novels.

The women presence in the process of social movements have been alwaysan important event. One of the manifestations of these social movements is the activities of novelist women in different societies of the modern and non-modern worlds. SiminDaneshvar is one of the pioneers of Iranian storytellers who dealt too much with women problems in her writings. In this article the researchers try to depict Daneshvar's feminist tendencies and the causes of such tendencies in her selectet novels. The research deals with the problem by use of descriptive-analytic method. The results of the research show that the writer by writing in feminist framework reflects her painful view of masculinistsociety, and at the same time is in search of her lost identity and to find a way to scape from mistake beliefs about the gender and her inner wanders. In fact, she uses feminism as a bridge to discover her ultra-feminist abilities. This research in its new findings seems to be a novel research.

Contemporary Arabic poetry is so intertwined with myths that the use of myth must be considered as one of its most important manifestations. This mythical approach increased the richness and capability of the contemporary Arabic poetry's portrayal and theatrical creation put new horizons before the poets. Contemporary Arab poets, in addition to use the main form of myth, in many cases, dealt with the interference various components of myths and their transformation, in order to adapt more myths to the problems of our time and their thoughts and intentions. This interference embraces all types of myths, including Greek, national, patriotic, and even religious. The present article, uses a descriptive-analytical method to analyse motives and methods of contemporary Arab poets in these transformations as well as their interferences in various elements related to Crist myth. Based on the results of the study, the transformation of the poets in Christ myth more often includes the gospel verses about this prophet. In addition, the function and fate of Christ, the myth of Lazarus and the myth of the Magi, are components of this transformed myth. The change in the nature and function of characters, the addition of elements to the myths essence, and the combinative reproduction of the are also of the main methods of this transformation. In addition, the transformation of the poets in Christ myth mainly origins in the socio-political incentives, such as their disappointment and disillusion from the occurrence of influential developments in chiotic socio-political conditions.