Iranian Journal for the History of Islamic Civilization
Year:2018 | Volume:51 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:7

Among the sources that were usually addressed less in historical studies, one educational texts that originally were written to guide officers and employees of the Court. The identification and use of these sources can be very helpful in economic and administrative reconstruction of history. Al-Murshed fī al-Ḥ isā b written in Persian by Ḥ asan ibn Alī Qā sā nī (kā shā nī ) is one of the examples of educational texts on technique of Istī fā or court accounting in the Ilkhanid period. The present study introducing the historical value of the book, while examines its place in the tax system and the administration of Dī vā n-i-Istī fā in the period of the non-Muslim Ilkhanid (654-694). The findings of the research show that in the new structure of the Iranian tax system, Mā l, Tamghā and Ghebchor were the three main sources of tax revenues of the government. In addition to changes in the tax system, Dī vā n-i-Istī fā also experienced changes in tax laws and the way of recording the calculations and business-offices bureau according to the new system.

Islam entrance into different regions has various consequences due to their cultural conditions and the interaction of their people with Islam. Muslims as the governors of these new conquered lands laid down new religious and political rules based on Islam and sometimes on the community custom, culture and their historical heritage. Al-Andalus was one of the countries that captured by the Muslims at the end of the first Hijra century. This area was under governorship of the Gotis before that and had its specific religious and political rules. The majority of the Spain people were Christian at the beginning of the Islam entrance, and the Muslim governors entrusted solving some judicial and financial issues to themselves to observe their rights. For this reason, they recognized the Qumis institution that was remained from the Gotis era. This research seeks to study the role of Qumis institution in the Muslim Spain especially relative to social conditions of Christians by analytical – descriptive method and based on the historical sources and the recent studies. The results show that Qumis had some functions like leadership of Christian communities, solving their judicial issues and collecting their taxes.

Since the event of September 11, the debate about Islamic Fundamentalism became a major discussion in world politics arena. Islamic Fundamentalists are a spectrum of groups who want to reinterpret Islam in a way to use it for special political purposes. To analyze the roots of fundamentalist currents, Bernard Lewis has studied the roots of Muslim rage targeted to the West, which from his point of view has led to contrast between Islam and western modernization. The aim of this article is to analyze Bernard Lewis’ ideas by using content analysis method. According to Lewis, the root of these currents is Muslim rage against the west that in turn is the result of Muslim backwardness. He finds the solution of the backwardness of the Islamic countries in modernizing them through implementation of secularism, by which both the Muslim backwardness ends and the Muslim rage is treated. The research findings show that Lewis’ comments about the motives of these fundamental groups are not theoretic, academic and strategic. Besides, the solution he suggests to solve the problem, i. e. native secularism, is neither accessible nor applicable.

Muawiyah is a controversial personality in the history of Islam. According to certain sources, he is considered one of the companions having a significant role in Islamic conquests and propagation of religion of Islam. In some other sources, he is not regarded as a companion based on their special definition. Rather, his embracing Islam is quite questionable. Muawiyah as the head and founder of the Umayyads has played an outstanding role in the history of Islam. Therefore it is not possible to neglect his political activity and performance in the Islamic territory for a period of forty two years. The present article seeks to study the personality of Muawiyah in doctrinal as well as political aspects, and the quality of his interaction with the Sunnah of the holy Prophet from the perspective of a Sunni scholar-Ibn Abil Hadid. The significance of the views of Ibn Abli Hadid lies in the fact that he has been familiar with the theological thoughts of the early days of Islam, being also the first and foremost in his age in knowing history and mastering historical reports.

The emigration of Iranian Shias to Deccan has been considerably increased in the middle of eighths century and reached to its utmost point in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Despite the power of the Safavids in the year 907AH and the declaration of Shi'ism as the official religion of Iran by Shah Isma'il I (r. 907-930 AH) Shiites found abundant power, a lot of scholars, politicians, poets, intellectuals, and Shiite Iranian elites immigrated to Deccan. The present study intends to study the implications of these migrations. Using library resources and descriptive-analytical method, this research shows that these emigrations caused expanding Shia religion and Persian language; influencing India architectures by Iranian architectures; extending political relations between Iran and Deccan; and prevalence of Iranian culture and civilization in Deccan.

The Arabic translation of Heron's treatise on crane by Qusta ibn Luqa, in the absence of its Greek original, is among the most important texts on mechanics remained from the Islamic civilization. It was thought hitherto the extant manuscripts of this translation were limited to those available in Leiden, Britania and Manchester libraries. The authors of the present paper have found some manuscripts of the Arabic translation of Heron's treatise in Iran's libraries, in addition to several Persian treatises. These Arabic manuscripts are important for completing the works already undertaken by some orientalists such as Carra de Vaux, Nix and Schmidt. The Persian manuscripts were inspired by Qusta's translation. It is tried in the present paper to present a brief but comprehensive introduction of all of Qusta's manuscripts, in order to provide the necessary background for the future studies. The life of Heron has also been shortly investigated, especially to make the date of the original treatise of crane clear as it has been in a veil of obscurity.

During the Safavid era, many important and marvelous mansions and government monuments were built. Unfortunately, after the rule of new governors in Isfahan, most of these buildings were demolished and destructed; hence there is no trace of these glorious monuments, such as Tavileh Hall. In this study, for the first time, descriptive and visual documents of the Tavileh Hall mansion, in the Shahi neighborhood in Isfahan, is collected and analyzed. Analysis and comparison of historical documents and itineraries result in the definition of the location, design, and structure of the building. The results of this study are used to recreate a 3D model the Tavileh Hall. Developing the model, besides in-depth analysis of the documents, reveals more details of the building, such as physical structure, dimensional characteristics and spatial usage of the Tavileh Hall.