NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF IRAN
Year:2010 | Volume:1 | Issue:1|Papers Count:9

In order to dynamical study of sexual oak regeneration and determining the affecting factors in those natural establishment decline, area about 200 ha of SIAHKOOH forest in northern of ILAM province has been chosen. Then about 30 fixed size plot 100 m2 has been done with random systematic method and measured in 3 phases of inventory. Variables were including max & min crown diameter, seedlings frequency and their quality. Results showed that frequency of oak seedlings in 3 phases has been gradually decreased, so that the means of seedlings frequency in 3 phases have significant difference. Also decline rate of establishment seedlings that situated in northern aspects and under the shade of trees are less than those of seedlings witch located in southern aspects and gaps. Also results showed that the limiting factors of regeneration establishment were draughtiness of soil in surface layers and grazing.

Different of location and timely precipitation is an important for recognition of its Geographical distribution this phenomena has more important for Ecosystem of Anzali wetland. The research method of this paper has used from data (14 statistics station from Gilan Water organization) and Kriging method of Geographical Information System (GIS) for interpolation and obtain of zoning maps. The result of this paper has shown that November has maximum with autumn regimes of precipitation. Maximum rate of rainfall in September and in summer. Coefficient Variety of precipitation map showed that more of area in less than 16 percent that representation for a regular precipitation in area.

Nowadays the improvement of agriculture and range lands to decrement soil erosion, productivity and forage production, to make by plants modifier species. One of the plants is annual medic that it has positive regression between up growths and propagations with climatic and edaphic factors. Annual medics by their potential benefits such as soil conservation, soil fertility improvement, weeds control and forage production can play a significant role in land improvement. Thus to reach successful improvement plan in an area, we must recognize stage of up growth in different temperatures. Six species were tested in four different temperatures during 21 days period and investigated due to number of hard seeds, number of abnormal seeds, cotyledon growth, and root growth parameters. The results indicated that there is significant between species in different temperature due to situation of generation. There is also alike reaction between species in different temperature. The increment of temperature caused decrement time of root growth in all of the species. Also the increment of temperature caused up percent of generation in species. The results show that there is no significant between temperature and percent of hard seed in species. Annual medics are part of the Iranian flora which 14 domestic species of them have been identified in native distribution regions by annual mean temperature between 5 to up20oc. In 5oc root growth make but in some of them cotyledon isn’t growth and this caused degeneration. Therefore the best situation for annual medic cultivation is areas with temperature up 5oc.

In order to investigate the regeneration of Quercus brantii and other woody plants in relation to environmental factors (physiographic and soil) Arasht catchments (approximately 510 ha) from Kabirkoh protected area in Ilam providence was chosen. After determining transects in different aspects, 67 sample plots (8 x 8 m2) in a systematic method with distance of 150 m were located. In each sample plot, all seedlings and stump sprouts of woody species, soil and physiographic factors were recorded. The results showed that, there are significant differences in natural regeneration (with sprout and seed origin) of Quercus brantii between different geographic aspects and altitude classes. The regeneration with seed origin of Quercus brantii has higher density in northern aspects and higher elevations. In addition, the regeneration with seed origin of Quercus brantii has shown a positive correlation with different factors such as organic matter, N, and thickness of humus. The stump sprouts of Quercus brantii had more density in southern aspects and lower elevation but has not shown any significant correlation with soil factors. About other woody species in the study area, the regeneration with seed origin of Cerasus microcarpa has shown a positive correlation with organic matter, N, K, and thickness of humus and higher density in northern aspects as well. This study also showed that Acer monspessulanum seedlings have a positive correlation with organic matter and P, and a negative correlation with bulk density of soil.

Lymantria disparL. distinguished gypsy moth outbreak at the forest surroundings of natural resources factually of Tarbiat Modarres University, beside of Noor forest park than that is one of the remaining plain forest of north forest of Iran, in 2001. The Polyphage larval of this pest by high crowd density attacked the trees and feed whole crown of them. It phenomenon shaped summer landscape of this forest similar to autumn fall. This pest passes over winter in the egg masses. In late March to early April synchronized budding of trees the larvae begin to hatch. Larvae after passing five (at male) and six (at female) larval instars enter the pupae stage. The adult insects (moths) emerge in late June. Moth after emerging mating then female lays the egg masses immediately. After 20 to 30 days embryos develop into larvae at the egg masses and the larvae remain in the eggs during the winter. The results of 100% inventory show The most damages was in Prunus persica, Parrotia persica, Quercus castaneaefolia, Carpinus betulus, Pterocaria fraxinifolia, Populus caspica, Ulmus carpinifoliaand Alnus glutinosatree species respectively. There was not any damage in Diospyrus lotus, Morus alba andFicus carica tree species. In the study natural controlling of this pest Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria and Calosoma sycophanta ground beetle as natural enemy and predators were reported in the study area that they had important role in decrease of Lymantria disparpopulation.

Rangelands, as natural ecosystem, are changing by over utilization so that knowing and realizing of this degradation can conduct better management decision to improve the rangelands. Rangeland health model via the most important of ecological indicator is used to find out the best index to analyse in this research. Hence, there sites, include key, overgrazing, and reference areas, were chosen in the Chaharbagh region. Seventeen indices of rangeland health via three attribute e.g. stability of soil and habitat, hydrologic yield, and health of living things are used to analysis of each site. The results showed that composition and distribution of vegetation cover, structural and productive groups, soil stability, and soil degradation are the effective indicators on rangeland health in key area as inter the model in which the rate of structural-productive groups is more than others. Indicators of plant death, structural-productive groups, invader plants, bare ground, soil erosion, and erosive material are the most effective factors on rangeland health in the critical area so that death indicator is the most performance to change the rangeland health.

Natural resources are background for human life and stable economic development, and have direct and indirect benefits for people, for example: forage production, conservation of soil and water, wildlife habitat, promenade region, pharmaceutical and reservoir substances production from kinds of plant species. Since ranching is most important style for beneficiary from grassland in Iran, thus government for grassland maintenance and optimal and permanent beneficiary from this source, these places were assigned to grassland owners in form of pasture plans. In this study, with direct field measuring, effect of these pasture plans in situation of grassland production, and cost and benefit ranching related to grassland are measured and calculated. Finally, with data analysis, practical proposal for economic strengthening of grassland owners are offered. In this ranching system, 75percent of live stock forage are provided from resources other than graze. In normal method of ranching in grassland, net income for every live stock is very low. Generally, in these pasture plans, delay grassing, grassland rehabilitation and other operations are increased production of grassland forage, and consequently the same amount, will decrease cost of livestock feed.

The oak leafroller moth, Tortrix viridana is a destructive pest within its spreading area which has invaded oak species, especially in west and northwest forests of Iran recently. Some parts of West Azarbayjan’s forests which are located in Piranshahr and Sardasht region have been affected by this pest since 1989 that oak trees vigour and survival have been gone down resulting the pest outbreak annually. In this study, 2 forest sites were chosen primarily which the first one was located in infested area and the second one was in uninfected area (as a control). In each site, 10 trees of gall oak (Quercus infectoria) were selected using transect method and a core was brought out from each tree employing increment borer. After preparing the cores, tree ring width was measured and after that comparing of the mean tree ring width between two sites (infested and control) and correlation between them and climatic data (precipitation and temperature) were conducted. The results showed that the mean tree ring width of gall oak in the infested site was decreased significantly after outbreak while this significant reduction was not seen in the control. Also the pest outbreak caused tree ring width reduction of gall oak 27% as compared with the period before outbreak. Non-existence of any correlation between tree ring width and climatic data could be consider as a reason which indicates the oak leafroller moth can cause tree ring width reduction, so fighting methods should be considered immediately.

Columbine Consolida orientalis with scientific name of "Consolida orientalis", is a one-year grassy plat and a family of Ranunculaceae. The purpose of chemical compound consideration and consisting compound percentage, is to study Antibacterial and Antioxidant’s properties.To perform this research, the floral branchy of kojour region which is of the suburb of Nowshahr, whit the height of 1400 meters from the sea level, are collected and After identifying by related experts they were used due to Malee methanol essence. Essential oil derivation is done by the Hydro–distillation method and using klevenger system. Separation and recognition of essence consisting compounds is realized by usingGC and GC/MS system, which is reported through 113 identified compounds in Essence this plant, 17 compound, with 60.15 percent Adepic Acid 12.74 percent, 11.48 percent Phytol, 6 percent Terikouzan, and 5.1 percent Hegzadecalian. Anti Bacteria foil called Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aurous, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis which are prospered from Iran's scientific Industrial research centre by measuring the inhibitor diameter of Bacteria metanol’s essence related to Enterobacter cloacae and protease mirabilis are 14 and 12 millimetre and least effect of Raber bacteria kalbesla pnamy is 9 millimetre. Also some parts of witnell were pure solvent that showed the fewer Antibacterial that methanol essence.