NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS OF IRAN
Year:2017 | Volume:7 | Issue:4|Papers Count:8

This study was done aimed to determine the habitat suitability of S. barbata species using ecological niche factor analysis in rangeland of Taleghan miany. Stipa barbata species has good quality and the preference value that is important in soil conservation and forage production for livestock. In order to habitat suitability modeling for this species were used than presence point and the soil variables such as the information layers of gravel, pH, lime, organic matter, N, K, P, sand, clay, silt and topographic variables maps (slope, aspect and Height) were used as variables affecting the species. The results of the study indicate that in the habitat suitability of S. barbata species in the study area environment variables height, direction of North, EC has a negative impact and depth, lime, organic matter and pH variables has a positive impact, And have been important factors. Accuracy model is calculated 87.5% using continue Boyce index that to verify the accuracy of the model results. Kappa coefficient obtained by matching the prediction map with ground truth equal 0.76. According to the results obtained values marginality (1.64), specialization (8.39) and tolerance of (0.119) obtained from the model, it can be concluded that the S. barbata species is specialty relative to the specific conditions of the environment variables, and tolerate the specific domain of environmental variables in the range the study area.

Knowledge of changes is first, most important action planners, and authority’s natural and human environment. Satellite images and satellite image processing techniques and methods very precise tool for navigation and assessment of changes in forest areas is the purpose of this study is assess the changes in forest areas mangrove in Bandar using the technique of remote sensing. To achieve this purpose of we used the information and topographic maps, satellite images and the algorithm of maximum likelihood and minimum distance 1989, 2005 and 2015 years of area. The results show that the maximum likelihood method with 98.32% overall accuracy and kappa coefficient 0.978 accurate method than using support vector machine and the minimum distance for mapping land cover changes and monitoring changes in forest. According to calculations forest surface area’ of 76.09 sq km in 1989 has increased to 125/08 square kilometers in 2015. Which indicates the shores of the Strait of Hormuz is the hydrodynamic change. Thus adopting every environmental protection measures in the area is necessary, any facilities and infrastructure projects must comply with environmental considerations and ecological.

Flood is one of the natural disasters which every year causes to great damages all over the world. Determination and prioritization of flooding in sub-watersheds with the aim of setting priorities in policy and management practices, is of utmost importance. In present study, sub-watersheds of Taleghan Watershed based on flooding potential were prioritized using AHP and TOPSIS techniques. Criteria considered for prioritization were the most important criteria affecting on rainfall infiltration, runoff and flooding potential. They are sub-watershed area, compactness coefficient, drainage density, average slope of sub watershed, and mean elevation of sub watershed, the percentage of impervious area, curve number, main channel slope, main channel length, and concentration time. Results indicated that the three criteria of impervious area, CN and main channel slope with relative weights of 0.283, 0.231 and 0.163, respectively, were the most significant parameters relating to flooding potential in sub watershed. The final results derived from combination of AHP and TOPSIS also showed that among the 16 sub-watersheds of Taleghan, three sub-watersheds of Hasanjun, Narian and Shahrakhave the highest potential of flooding, respectively.

The aim of present study was assessing relationship between Festuca ovina dispersion.5 habitats in County Delfan in 2016 were chosen. In each habitat, three sites were selected at each site was established three transects the length of 100 meters. Along each transect in 10-square-meter plots with a total canopy cover and density of the studied species was determined. Then at initial, mid and end of transects soil samples were extracted in 0-30cm depth (A total of 135 soil samples). Height, slope, aspect and some soil characteristics including texture, electrical conductivity, acidity, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium and nitrate was determined. Cluster analysis to classify the sites sampled, Compare groups resulting from cluster analysis of independent t test and discriminate analysis was used to determine the important parameters. The results of cluster analysis indicated that the sites were separated to two main groups (At 5%). Also the results showed that studied species have the most presence in height of 2641m, slope more than 40 percent, North West and western aspect, temperature more than 10 degree, precipitation 481mm, soils with 1.97 percent organic matter and less clay also more silt. The results of discriminant analysis indicated that at first level height, precipitation, temperature and some soil parameters like sand, silt and organic matter and at second level aspect and other soil characteristics like pH and potassium are effective in the studies species dispersion. According to the results of this study can be recommended as suitable to be used for rangeland restoration.

Lonicera nummularifoliaJaub. & Spach is one of the valuable trees and shrubs species that can be observed with oak species in Zagros forests. Regard to the high value of this species from protection, support and medicinal aspect, it can be necessary to perform comprehensive study. Therefore, this study was carried out in order to investigate the location, mixture and size of Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach in Zagros to neighboring trees in Parak Area, Khorramabad City. For this purpose, four-hectare plots was performed, L. nummulariifolia trees were identified and the azimuth and distance from four neighboring tree species and crown dimensions of neighbors trees were investigated. In this study, uniform angle index, Mingling mixture index and canopy size index were used to evaluate the diversity of positioning, to determine the mixture and to verify the dimensions of Lonicera, respectively. Based on the results of this study, an average of three uniform angle index, mingling mixture and canopy dimensions were 0.582, 0.91 and 0.551, respectively, which represent a random arrangement of this species to neighbors trees, the large mixture and medium dimensions in compared to other neighbors. Also, based on the distance index to the nearest neighbor, the average distance to the four neighboring tree was calculated equal to 2.34 meters. The results of this study can be used to provide a model to the preservation, restoration and development of Zagros forests which has fragile ecosystems.

In this study the effects of the silvicultural methods was investigated on structure and regeneration of the forest trees in logged and non-logged stands according to the importance of forest trees. The forest had two regions with same areas which one of them was logged through shelter wood system and another was non-logged. Logged stand was assessed after 10 years from harvesting.60 plots (1000 m2) and micro-plots (100 m2) were systematic randomly established in the field. The comparison of the diameter of trees between these two stands showed the significant difference (P<0.05). With comparison of the vegetative parameters of four trees near to plot center it was demonstrated that there was significant difference between two stands concerning diameter at breast height (P<0.05), stem height (P<0.05), crown height (P<0.01), basal area at breast height (P<0.01) and volume (P<0.05). There wasn’t significant difference for total height, minimum and maximum diameter of crown and basal area of crown. Comparison of the regeneration in micro plots of two stands indicated the significant difference at probability level of 99 percent for regeneration density of stands. Moreover, there was significant difference at probability level of 95 percent between two stands for regeneration quality. Moreover, the comparison of the statistical of the two stands of species the using non-parametric U Mann-Whitney test, there was significant difference at probability level of 95 percent between two stands.

Tourism city, for a sustainable balance between the needs of local communities, protecting the environment and improving the quality of life and gain experience in tourism and sustainable tourism to form a strong management system for urban needs; productivity management should advantage in tourism in the region with a view of a system in which the supply and demand dynamics in the context of sustainable development, with emphasis on mind is formed. Accordingly, the present study the role of urban management, sustainable tourism development, explored the coastal city of light 5 For this purpose, a questionnaire researchers made a variety of formats Likert options were evaluated. The population study of all citizens and all directors, officers and experts are involved in tourism in the City of Lights composed. The population sample of citizens, using Morgan random sampling method, the number of 265 Person Was selected, but limited due to the small population city managers data, was requirements through all the numbers. (50 Person). The reliability of the questionnaire, using Cronbach's alpha equal to 0/86 respectively. And its validity was evaluated by the teachers and academic experts. analyze and describe two methods to analyze data collected from consists of two parts: was descriptive statistics (frequency, relative percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (A single-sample t test). The results of the t test One sample showed that respondents view status indicators, economic, social, cultural and environmental sustainability of tourism in the City of Lights unsuitable and Tourism development is not sustainable. The results of one-sample t-test showed that the performance of urban management, urban management, sustainable tourism development in the light indicated. Finally, based on the findings of research proposals towards a more prominent role in urban management and sustainable development of tourism in the coastal city of light was presented.

Suspended sediments originated from nonpoint sources in the fluvial and the catchment which they are different on spatial and temporal scales. Fingerprinting of sediment process focuses on the methods which researchers able to discriminate sediment sources using composite and extracted sediment and surface and subsurface of soil samples from nonpoint resources using tracers and mixing models. Using this method as a sediment and soil technique and as well as complementary of classic methods of water erosion to identifying of sediment sources, sediment delivery in the river at various spatial and temporal scale and estimation of soil erosion using existing tracers in the soil and sediment has been increased in latest decades. This research is reviewing the comprehensive background of erosion and sediment studies, emphasis on the used techniques and methods, mixing model and utilities of various tracers in the erosion and sediment studies and various sampling methods in different studies, introduce the sediment fingerprinting in the world and Iran. This research introduces the new technologies (patents) in Iran which they are related to sediment and soil erosion studies. The results of review research showed that cohesive studies of soil and sediment with regarding to new methodology started since 60th decade and continued large, medium, small scale basin, hillslope, plot and experimental scale with techniques such as radionuclide decay, earth rare element, magnetic properties of soils, other tracers and fingerprinting. Also the mixing models of Hughs, Landvehr, Slattery and motha, MixSIAR, Bayesian and Monte carlo were used in more researches related to fingerprinting and Hughs and Collins models are the best predictive one for replication in data and correct factor in its data respectively.