Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development
Year:2017 | Volume:25 | Issue:98 |Papers Count:12

Fluctuations in the agricultural products price face producer and consumer with risk and uncertainty. Futures contract as an important tool of hedging pays to price risk management. Base on, this study has tried to use of the least mean-variance method investigating agricultural product hedging situation in the Wall Street exchange market at the one-month period of December 2014. The results show that the futures contract of corn decreasing risk price about 26 percent. Also, in comparison with corn, the futures contract of soybean has more hedging than corn futures contract. The results of hedging efficiency of wheat futures contract represent hedging is up to 83 percent and this amount for cotton is about 79 percent. According to the results, development of agricultural commodity exchange specially the agricultural futures contracts can be minimized farmers concerns in the field of risk.

Pistachio is the most important export items that could plays an important role to improve the country's foreign exchange income. Given the importance of agricultural exports and the export share of the global market of pistachios, identifying factors influencing the share of exports in world markets is essential. Therefore, factors affecting export share were estimated using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model. The results showed that the ratio of domestic prices to world prices of pistachio and real exchange rate have a significant positive effect on pistachio's export share. Also, Iranian pistachio production fluctuations, drought dummy variable and America's export share have a negative and significant effect on export share of Iran's pistachios. The result of error correction model estimation showed that in each period, more than 75% of imbalance in export share of Iran's pistachio is adjusted. According to the results it is necessary that by development of a knowledge-based agriculture and expanding agriculture education, as well as the development of new technologies and suitable management production units as much as possible to prevent fluctuations of production in future.

The high share of subsidies on inputs such as chemical fertilizers in the Iran and the negative effects of these policies on variables such as yield and government expenditures has been caused the decision to removal these types of subsidies. The rice is one of the products that have been affected following the application of this policy. In this study, the spatial equilibrium model was used to investigate the effects of government policies in the field of targeted subsidies for fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphate and potassium on the rice producers and consumers welfare in different regions of Iran. Results of this study show that the removal of fertilizers subsidies had various effects in different regions, and this is more noticeable changes in the major areas of this production. In general, the removal of essential inputs subsidies such as nitrogen, mainly increased rice producers and consumers welfare, so that producer and consumer total welfare have been increased about 1.83 and 4.56% respectively. While the removal of phosphate and potassium fertilizers subsidies despite its positive impact on the producers welfare in some areas, have been caused decrease in Iranian producer total welfare about 0.188 and 0.191%respectively and also decrease in consumer total welfare about 0.46 and 0.47% respectively.

Regarding the importance of investment in economic growth and the structure of investment function and Tobin's Q, in this study, the effect of Tobin`s Q index on value added in agricultural sector using Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) method was investigated. The results show that Tobin's Q and agricultural employment are effective on value added of agricultural sector in the long run. The estimated coefficients in the long run for these variables are 0.557 and 0.615 respectively which reflects the direct correlation between Tobin's Q and value added of agricultural sector. According to the result, it is suggested that agricultural investors use the Tobin`s Q index as one of the performance evaluation criteria in addition to other criteria, due to its role in investment and to facilitate the calculation.

The aim of this research is identification of intra-sectoral linkages and production chains of agriculture sector in Khuzestan province. For this purpose, at first, input-output table for Khuzestan province is prepared by using CHARM method. Then, by using APL method and backward and forward linkages, production chains among economic sectors of province are recognized by emphasizing on agricultural sector. The results indicate that direct linkage among production sectors in Khuzestan province is weak. Agriculture sector has a direct relationship only with food and beverage production. In addition, this sector along with mining, set at the first of production chains and forms production chains with all industries' sub sectors of Khuzestan province.Therefore, investment in agricultural sector can grow up industry sector of this province indirectly.

In this article comparison of agriculture sector with other Iranians' economic sectors in creation of business cycles using simultaneous equations and 3 SLS estimators has been proceed. According to the results, agriculture, oil and services business cycles have a significant positive effect on GDP business cycles. Also, there is a long-term relationship between the agricultural sector fluctuations and the GDP business cycles. Moreover, the impact of production fluctuations in the agricultural sector on the GDP business cycles is more, rather than the other sectors. According to research findings, taking policies such as the development of agricultural insurance and optimal control of agricultural imports can reduce production fluctuations in this section and also achieve sustained economic growth.

Entrepreneurship development plays an important role in the socio-economic development in different countries and it can solve a lot of problems in this countries. This study has aimed to identify the barriers of development of agricultural entrepreneurial businesses in Kermanshah County. Method of data collection in this research was descriptive-survey method. According to Morgan-Krejcie table, 157 of agricultural experts, technical consultants and agricultural engineers of Kermanshah County (257 individuals) were selected for conducting the study. The findings of factors analysis indicate that market, space and basis of entrepreneurship, production, administrative and natural factors respectively are factors that explain approximately 65.524% of the obstacles variance of development of agricultural entrepreneurial businesses.

Investigating retail and wholesale prices volatility, level and intensity of each price affectivity from other prices volatility is important in marketing studies. This paper investigates volatility spillover effects across retail and wholesale levels in tea market using the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Hetroscedasitic (GARCH) models. The empirical findings showed that the volatility of retail prices exerts significant and positive spillover effects on the volatility of wholesale prices. Moreover, the volatility of retail and wholesale prices has a significant and positive impact on its own price level volatility. Also, it was revealed that wholesale prices are shown to be more volatile than retail prices. Results revealed that the sensitivity of wholesale price volatility toward retail price volatility was more. So, establishing risk comprehensive management programme that considered price risk of tea should be performed by Iran Tea Organization.

In this study total factor productivity, technical efficiency and technological changes of cereals with and without agricultural researches was analyzed by Malmquist method. Results indicated that growth of total factor productivity for cereals had an increasing trend. When the research impact was included, this trend was decreased due to ineffectiveness of research from the viewpoint of result transmission to farm level and outlast of the researches results for the trust of transmission consequences. Technical efficiency has less growth compared to technological changes and therefore its impact on productivity changes is less. According to the results, proper management can be exerted to increase the research productivity.