Journal of Preventive Medicine
Year:2021 | Volume:8 | Issue:2|Papers Count:9

Introduction: The northern strip of Persian Gulf, especially the Bandar Abbas area, is one of the main fish supply points in the country, thus the contamination of edible fishes in the area into heavy metals may pose so many concerns. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of lead and cadmium in the edible part of the Pelagic, Mezoeic and Bentic fishes delivered in Bandar Abbas city. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 81 samples of surface, middle and demersal fish were sampled in Bandar Abbas fish market using nesting or hierarchical process. Edible parts of the Fishes were digested by microwave and the concentration of lead and cadmium was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Finally, estimated daily index (EDI), target hazard quotients (THQ) or non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk (CR) associated with the consumption of the fishes contaminated to the heavy metals were calculated. Results: The average concentration of Lead in Pelagic, Mezoeic and Bentic Fishes were 0. 03, 0. 019, 0. 04 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding concentrations for cadmium were 0. 0028, 0. 002, 0. 0056 mg/kg, respectively. In terms of human health, the THQ values for each element and the TTHQ values for the combined elements were less than 1. Moreover, CR values for both metals were lower than the acceptable lifetime cancer risk of 10-5. Conclusion: According to EDI, THQ, TTHQ, CR, and acceptable safety constraint by different organizations, consumption of examined fish species won’ tposeany significant human health risk.

Introduction: The multiplicity and variety of stresses that people face in old age have made it necessary to pay attention to the issue of mental health, especially resilience in the elderly people. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of spiritual therapy on the quality of sleep, resilience, and death anxiety of the elderly. Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group. The statistical population of this study included all elderly people living in the nursing home in Shiraz in 2019. Out of them, 30 people were selected using the available sampling method and using simple randomization method assigned to two groups of spiritual therapy (n=15) and control group (n=15). The data were obtained using a resilience questionnaire (Connor-Davidson, 2003), Death Anxiety Scale (Collett Lester, 1969), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (Buysse et al, 1989). Data were analyzed using repeated measurement and ANOVA tests by SPSS software. The significance level of tests was considered to be 0. 05. Results: The results showed that spirituality therapy significantly improved the sleep quality (P-Value<0. 001), resilience (P-Vvalue<0. 001), and death anxiety (P-Value<0. 001) in the experimental group. But the mean scores of sleep quality, resilience, and death anxiety did not not change significantly in the control group. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, spirituality therapy can be used to improve the sleep quality, resilience, and death anxiety in elderly people.

Introduction: Statistics around the world show an increase in hookah smoking among women compared to men. The present review was designed to determine the factors affecting hookah smoking in women around the world. Information sources or data: The present study is a systematic review that was conducted in 2020 by searching in databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Iranian Databases, Elsevier, Scopus, Medline, Google scholar, Magiran, SID, and Iranmedex in both Persian and English language. All published articles from 1990 to 2021 were included in the study. Selection methods for study: Inclusion criteria were articles that targeted women and examined hookah smoking. Exclusion criteria were studies with indivisible reporting of results in men and women, intervention studies, and studies that examined the relationship between demographic information and hookah smoking. Combine content and results: The most common reasons for hookah smoking in women at the individual level included a positive attitude towards hookah smoking, low self-efficacy, hookah dependence, psychological needs and pleasant taste of tobacco and at the interpersonal level the reasons included hookah innovations and attractiveness, abstract norms, the absence of hookah smoking baning laws, easy access, cultural norms, media propaganda, economic challenges, the influence of powerful actors, the dynamics of the tobacco industry, the non-participatory policies of the government, and the cultural invasion of foreign countries. Conclusion: Eliminating women's positive attitudes, strengthening the skills of saying no to the friends, and focusing and intervening effectively on out of individual's control environmental factors can play an effective role in reducing hookah use.

Introduction: The Covid-19 virus pandemic and related government recommendations and restrictions have affected many aspects of human life, including exercise and mental well-being. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical activity and mood of Iranian bodybuilding athletes. Methods: In this applied research, 875 bodybuilders from different cities of Iran during a period of March to May 2020 were selected as the statistical samples and completed the self-rating online questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, former and current physical activity patterns, and current mood states. The standard comprehensive physical activity questionnaire was used to assess the level of physical activity and also the short form of mood assessment questionnaire was used to assess the mood of the participants. To evaluate the changes in physical activity and the effect of gender on it, the Wilcoxon test was used at a significance level of 0. 95. Pearson test was also used to examine the relationship between mood variables and exercise. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The results showed that there is a significant decrease in the intensity and duration of weekly exercise during the lockdown period compared to the previous period (P-Value=0. 001) and the mood was also significantly associated with exercise time (up to 10 minutes and more than 10 minutes) (P-Value<0. 005) and the number of training sessions (P-Value<0. 05). Conclusion: Decreased exercise during the Covid 19 epidemic can have negative effects on athletes' moods. Therefore, appropriate planning should be considered to perform regular physical activity and exercise safely.

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic not only increases the concerns associated with physical health but also causes psychological disorders. This research aims to determine the relationship between post traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) with burnout during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 402 workers ranging from 21 to 57 years of age participated. A questionnaire consisting of four parts including socio demographic data, Maslach Burnout Inventory, short screening scale for DSM-IV PTSD, and Impact of Event Scale was used as the data collection tool. The electronic questionnaire link was provided to the participants through whatsApp and email. The data were analyzed using statistical tests including ANOVA, Pearson Correlation, and t-test by SPSS softwareVersion 21. Results: The mean (SD) score of Impact of Event and short screening scale for DSM-IV PTSD was 29. 43± 15. 21 and 4. 9± 2. 73, respectively. Furthermore, the mean score of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment was 23. 57± 7. 02, 11. 77± 3. 51, and 20. 09± 5. 14, respectively. Variables such as gender and type of job were related to PTSD and burnout. Based on Pearson correlation test, there was a significant relationship between PTSD and job burnout. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, exposure to psychological stressors during COVID-19 pandemic is associated with PTSD and job burnout among the workers. Therefore, implementing effective interventions by managers is essential to reduce Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and job burnout.

Introduction: Antinoplastic drugs are used to treat cancers and nurses are exposed to these drugs during their working hours. These drugs can cause many health problems in nurses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of oncology nurses in hospitals of East Azerbaijan province about handling antineoplastic drugs. Methods: The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that carried out with the participation of 129 nurses of oncology wards in East Azerbaijan province in 2019. A standard knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire with 33 questions and Likert scale was used for data collection by census sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Kruskal Wallis test using SPSS software. Results: The mean age and chemotherapy work experience of nurses were 33. 8± 6. 7 and 5. 91± 5. 5 years, respectively. All nurses handled at least 3 medications in their work shift. The mean score for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 58± 4. 46 (out of 65), 30. 76± 3. 98 (out of 40), and 47. 41± 5. 79 (out of 60), respectively. Nurses over 40 years of age and with work experience higher than 5 years significantly gained higher knowledge, attitude, and practice scores (P-Value<0. 05). Conclusion: The workload reported by nurses may be a possible cause of the reported health symptoms. Increasing nurses' awareness in the areas of handling, accident management, and waste disposal of drugs could increase their knowledge and improve their attitude and practice. Training the nurses with less work experience should be prioritized by safety management of hospitals.

Introduction: Today, cancer is the third cause of human death and one of the most important challenges of the Iranian health care system that reduces the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of self-care education program on self-efficacy and quality of life in colorectal cancer patients. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 70 patients with colorectal cancer who were enrolled in the study through convenience sampling method in Payambar Azam hospital of Bandar Abbas in 2020. Before and after two months of implementation of the program, the standard QLQ-C30 questionnaire and Scherer's self-efficacy questionnaire were completed by the experimental and control groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 23 software. Results: After self-care education, the mean of self-efficacy scores in the intervention group was 60. 60± 7. 26 and in the control group it was 42. 76± 11. 32. Also, the mean of quality of life scores after the intervention in the intervention group was 61. 33± 15. 60 and 43. 66± 11. 82 in the control group. There were significant differences in terms of self-efficacy and quality of life between the two groups after the educational intervention (P<0. 001). Conclusion: One of the goals of the self-care program is to increase patients' knowledge and awareness of the nature of their disease. Application of self-care program based on educational needs is effective on quality of life and self-efficacy of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic caused fear, stress, and general anxiety in many old people, resulting in reduced mental health. In this regard, the present review study was conducted to investigate the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the elderly. Information sources: This review study was conducted by searching specialized keywords in English databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI, Scopus, ScienceDirect and Jahad Daneshgahi Scientific Database (SID), the Iranian Journal Database (Magiran), and the database of Iranian medical science articles in a period from February 2020 to July 2021. Selection methods for study: In total, 607 articles were retrieved in electronic search. Abstracts of published articles were reviewed and duplicates were removed from the study in several stages, and finally 30 articles were selected for comprehensive review and data extraction. Combine content and results: The results showed that the coronavirus 2019 pandemic has caused depression, anxiety, feeling loneliness, death anxiety, and negative behaviors in the elderly. In addition, COVID-19 has significantly reduced the quality of life and physical activity of the elderly. All of these, have affected the mental health of the elderly. Conclusion: According to the reviewed articles, COVID-19 can affect various aspects of the mental health of the elderly. Also, due to the fact that the elderly population is one of the vulnerable groups against coronavirus, it is necessary to prioritize the vaccination and appropriate psychological interventions for the elderly.