SOCIETAL SECURITY STUDIES
Year:2020 | Volume:11 | Issue:61|Papers Count:8

Background and Objective: Given the role of police in establishing security and its contribution to people's daily lives, the question arises as to what is the impact of police performance in establishing a sense of societal security on the part of citizens and its relationship with people's lifestyles and what is the relationship between police presence and citizens’ daily routine behaviors and social concerns. Method: Reviewing the different definitions of lifestyle and police performance, the present study is aimed at examining the hypothesis of the relationship between police presence in the society and different lifestyle (based on sense of security), and in the framework of the survey tries to measure the relationship between police performance and lifestyles. Finally, by asking questions about the dimensions of lifestyle and the relationship between the police and each of these dimensions, the main hypothesis of this research on lifestyle changes, and the presence of police is confirmed. In this way, the subjects were selected from among people aged 25 to 60 living in Tehran. They were selected through random sampling, andwere examinedusing a researcher-made questionnaire. After being matched, the selected people were divided into two groups of 192 people (witness and experiment). Those in the control group, were only given pre-test and post-test, and in addition to giving pre-test to those in the experimental group; the performance of Greater Tehran Police in three main areas (law enforcement and prevention patrols, 110 police, Traffic police) and in the experimental group neighborhoods increasingly changed (doubling the level of tangible performance). After fulfillingthe post-test, in terms of people’ s satisfaction dimension of police performance (86%) and the change in social lifestyle based on increased sense of societal security established in the community (87%), these changes were fully tangible and satisfactory.

The growth of unbridled urbanization due to migration to metropolitan areas in Iran has led to emergence ofsome sort of social rupture and loss of social rights, which has resulted in the spread of social harms in metropolises, especially in Tehran metropolis as the capital city of the country. The present study is aimed atdesigning a model for managing social harms through relying on the local community development approach and strengthening societal security in the Tehran metropolis. The research is ofprofound type in nature, and in terms of data collection the research is of non-experimental (descriptive) type. In terms of data analysis method, correlation and deductive method have been used for conducting the research. The sample size of the study (120 people) was selected from among 175 urban management experts in Tehran using Cochran's formula. The main data collection tool is a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the research committee and two methods of Cronbach's alpha and Bayesian estimation were used to measure its reliability. The minimum Cronbach's alpha coefficient was related to the socio-cultural component (0. 78) and the minimum Bayesian estimate is related to the structural component (0. 71) and the maximum estimate was related to the elements of the local community development capacity model, whose Cronbach's alpha is 0. 95 and its Bayesian estimate is 0. 85, and indicates the proper validity of the questionnaire. Research findings show most of the people surveyed (45. 8%) believe that the existing capacities of local communities in Tehran are suitable for model of managing social harms. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relevant relationships in the conceptual model. The results indicate that the most important components in the management of social harms in Tehran's neighborhoods are educational, infrastructural, economic, sociocultural and managerial-policy components. In order to improve social security, the concerned bodiesare required to prioritize the above-mentioned components in their community-oriented urban development programs.

Vandalism may be considered some sort of mild delinquency which is a pathological spirit in individuals, and leads to the destruction of public facilities such as telephone booths, city buses and subwayseats, mail boxes and sabotage activities like this. Due to itsimportance, vandalismis considered amajor global disease of sabotage in the current century and the modern era. Hence, many studies have been conducted on vandalism, especially over recent years. But the main problem with most of these studies is that they have not fully dealt with all aspects of theissue. Combined research using the meta-analysis method is the response to this gap. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to apply the meta-analysis method in order to analyze and combine the results of studies conducted on the factors contributing to vandalism. For this purpose, 7 factors were identified in several studies and the impact size of each factor in relation with vandalism was obtained. The factors are: socioeconomic status, relationship with offenders, family affiliation, school affiliation, relative deprivation, social isolation, and anomalies. The selected studies were conducted through survey method usingquestionnaire as a tool for collecting information in different statistical communities. In the first step, factors such as evaluation, homogeneity and heterogeneity and diffusion bias were investigated, and the findings showed that there was no bias in publishing and heterogeneity of studies. In the next step, the impact size coefficient was obtained, and the impact size coefficient of anomaly with a value of 0. 537 based on Cohen's interpretive system showed a high extent of impact on vandalism. Accordingly, most studies consider anomalies to be more influentialon vandalismcompared with other factors.

A sustainable society depends on sustainable security, which itself requires sustainable partnership between the constituent units of society, including government forces and local actors. Whereas crime rate enhancement in many parts of the world has proven to be emanated from the inefficiency of law enforcement; therefore, citizens’ contribution to establishing security is becoming increasingly important. According to studies conducted, the level of contribution in the suburb of cities is not so desirable. The present article seeks to examine the structures that account for low contribution level in establishing order and security in the suburb of Kermanshah city. The survey is of qualitative typeand the structures constituting low levels of Citizens' contribution in establishment of security in the neighborhoods were assessed using critical realism approach and retrospective strategy. For this purpose, while conducting a focused group interview with a number of residents of two neighborhoods-Jafarabad and Kowlyabad-, the findings of the citizens' interaction with the police and the environment, the nature of each position and the motives of each, and the main reasons for citizens’ low level of contributionwere sought. The sampling method was target oriented. Altogether, 8 focused groups were separately formed in the two neighborhoods with the participation of women, men, girls and boys. The results were validated through dividing them in three parts, as well as the approval of police experts from the two regions. The research results showed that in the citizens’ view, contribution means informing police about crimes that have taken place or are taking place, while in police’ s view, contribution means providing police with preventive information. There are three groups of barriers to citizens’ contribution: 1. Previous experience of contribution, 2. Being a relative of the offender, 3. Abundance of social deviance. The scale and severity of security-disruptive behavior in suburb of the cities is so high that police cannot manage to cope with it. On the other hand, detaining all the suspects, even in presence of sufficient documentation, is inconsistent with the security policies and elements, which in turn leads people to suppose the police ignores such security-disruptive behaviors and even the public assume that policeaccompany the criminals. Preventive information may compensate for this weak point, but citizens’ contribution to preventing crimes is also associated with problems addressed in the text of the present article.

The aim of the present study was to identify the relationship between media literacy and reducing social harms emanated from using Instagram. In this research, a descriptive correlational method has been used. The target population is 384 youth aged18-30 in Hamadan, who were selected using simple multi-stage cluster sampling method, combined with simple random method and using Cochran's formula. However, for higher reliability, the number of samples rose by 1. 04 and reached 400. In order to collect the required data, two questionnaires (researcher-made questionnaire for measuring literacy and standard questionnaire for measuring cyberspace harms) were used. To determine their validity, content validity was used and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was usedto obtain their reliability. Their valuesin the relevant questionnaireswere calculated to be 0. 93 and 0. 92, respectively. In the present study, in order to test the hypotheses, indices of descriptive and inferential statistics such as the mean, percentage, Kalmogoff-Smirnov test, single-group T test, Pearson correlation test and multivariate regression test were used in SPSS. The results of Pearson's correlation test show that there is a negative and significant relationship at the level of 0. 01between media literacy and its components i. e. (media access, media usage, critical thinking about media and media production) and social harms, Instagram use (p = 0. 0001 andr = 466). The results of the multivariate regression test also showed that media access components and critical thinking about media have the greatest impact on the extent to which Instagram harmsthe understudy group, and the components of media usage, and the production of media messages have little impact on the harms of using Instagram, so access components and critical thinking about the media have the ability to project the extent of the harms emanated from using the social network, i. e. Instagram.

Individuals’ performance in society through behaviors and cohesive and adaptablepractices, acceptance, contribution, and flourishment enhances life quality andcreates social health. This indicator emanated from an essential variable called increasing the sense of societal security in society, leads to the improvement of life quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sense of security and social health, which at the level of micro-analysis emanating from interactions between people, leads toestablishment of sense of security based on comfort, tranquility and health through stressing some collective elements such as cohesion, adaptation, participation, acceptance and prosperity, in society. While using standardized questionnaire (social health) and researcher-made questionnaire (sense of security) and providing18+citizens in Mashhad urban areas, a quantitative method based on descriptive surveyand correlation was utilized and 760 samples were selected using sampling method proportionate with size. Descriptive results indicated that the variables of sense of security and social health are at average level. The results of regression showed that the values of thecoefficients of components of the judicial-disciplinary security, economic, intellectual-political, emotional and psychological, life, communication, urban and neighborhood, identity, religious and moral, had the greatest impact on social health, respectively. The variable of sense of societal security approximately 43%, projects the variable of the social health; therefore, in order to improve sense of security and solvepeople’ sproblems living in suburban areasand so on, it is possible to increase the social health of citizens by creating people-oriented police.

Urban security is among the most important factors influencing citizens’ life quality. Children compared with anyother groups in society need more attention, because children are to run our society in future. The more successful the mayor is in designing a suitable urban space for children, the more children will be able to enjoy life and vitality, which can play a significant role in the children’ s mental and social health and in the second stage of the whole society. The present article examines the influence of urban space onchildren’ s sense of security and social security in the central part of Tehran(zones 11-12). The research is of descriptive-analytical type and questionnaire was used fordata collection. The statistical population was400 parents havingchildrenand living in the zones 11 and 12 of Tehran. They were selected from among residents of the zonesandwere interviewed using multi-stage cluster sampling. Majorfindings of the study show that the mean indicators affecting children’ s safety were 2. 73 and the indicators affecting children's sense of security in urban spaces were 2. 73. Accordingly, it can be argued that childrensafety and security indicators in urban spaces are not in desirable conditions. The findings of the regression test also showed that the quality of flooring, the design of rides and sidewalks, the level ofdrivers’ attention while driving, unprotected spaces, lighting and the creation of bright and activespotsin urban spaces, and creating visual care altogether have a significant impact on children’ s safety and security in urban spaces.