Political Quarterly
Year:2020 | Volume:50 | Issue:1|Papers Count:20

One of the strategic and significant concerns of the global politics is, at present, economic and sometimes political actions of China. The behavioral study of China's economic boom in recent decades suggests the emergence of a new great power that does not even conceal its desire and thirst for becoming a hegemon at times. the main question is that how the new Silk Road can affect the realization of China's intended new economic order. To answer this question, the writer will explain, using the power transition theory and a descriptive-analytical method, that China has serious desires to dominate the global politics, and that the One Belt, One Road Initiative is a significant step in this difficult path. Although the enforcement of the initiative may turn Beijing into the world’ s top economic power, China has a long way to go to become a hegemon.

In the conditions that the evolution and fluctuation in idealism and pragmatism transition has made it difficult to achieve the cognitive patterns of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, we are inevitably forced to recognize the effective factors and the relationships between them in analyzing foreign policy. For this purpose, the present study using Structural Analysis and Technique of Interaction Impact Analysis tries to answer this question: what is the relationship pattern of key factors affecting foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the course of answering the question, thirty six key factors influencing foreign policy were identified. After creating a matrix and ranking the interactions of the factors on each other, these factors, based on the degree of effectiveness and affectedness, were distributed into five categories of explanatory, intermediate, result, regulator and independent variables. The distribution of these factors in an effectiveness and affectedness chart indicates the instability of the foreign policy system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The analysis of the pattern obtained from the Micmac software output represented that the interaction of the level of analysis in assessing actors in the external environment causes a security dilemma and in the domestic environment as well, differences in the governance paradigm undermine positions and decisions in the foreign policy arena.

Nietzsche-the antecedent of critical philosophy-in his work, "on the genealogy of morality" said, the thing that is main problem of life for mankind, isn't suffering but that's the meaning of his pains. so, if we consider this frequent struggle to "find meaning" beyond ideologies and normative regimes of Truth as a center of critical philosophy discourse then, we will find that the critical philosophy has firm linkage with the resuscitation of "Truth", also in world that truth on one hand is victim in the wake of Values such as utility and fun, and one the other hand It has become a victim of violence and fundamentalism. It is clear that in this battle for truth, the thing that important isn't only founding of a "ontology of truth", but Drawing a "figure" that this theory of truth Bring to human relationships. A "figure" that reveals more than anywhere, in the form of politics. In this paper, we follow theoretical philosophers critical effort to rebuild the relationship between a "truth" in politics, through the theory of Giorgio Agamben, contemporary critical philosopher. Where Agamben is trying to get-through the anthropology and the theory of truth-apparatus or form for human relationships, that people aspire to truth lay in the creative and free from domination acts.

The election as a mechanism of applying popular sovereignty, self-determination and peaceful transfer of power has an important role in a democratic system. The establishment of any political and legal system is justified on the certain theoretical foundations. Since the election has efficiency in the context of democratic system and the idea of democracy has been formed in modernity time, this fundamental question arises whether the theoretical and philosophical foundations of modernity has been affected on justifying the process of the elections in a democratic system? The article with a descriptive-analytical approach and with the aim of providing an image of the modernity impact on the democratic elections seeks to reach these conclusions that the subjective and objective events and evolutions of the modernity has made the major changes in the basis of ontology, epistemology and anthropology of western society and following it the democratic system was established, therefore, the institutions of this system such an election in the content, procedures and structure has been influenced of the modernity theoretical foundations and it is justified on them.

The geography of oil and gas in the twentieth century great influence upon arrival, influence and role of trans-regional powers in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf has West. The Persian Gulf oil and gas resources discovered before the First World War and postwar devastation caused by a major role in the restoration. It seems Rftarsyasy many great powers in the Persian Gulf region has been affected by the existence of rich and inexpensive source of energy. The fundamental purpose of this study is to evaluate and exploit its shale oil and gas reserves in America, Canada and Europe and the impact that this new political behavior of America's European and other powerful actors, is. stabilize energy security Ferraro in the first half of the century. The main feature huge resources of oil and gas from shale strategic shift America from the Persian Gulf to Asia-Pacific in competition and cooperation with three major regional powers China, India and Japan and greater engagement with ASEAN and Australia will be. Asia-Pacific in the twenty-first century cradle of the concentration of capital, technology and huge market consumption of goods and services. Key words: oil and shale gas, the foreign policy of America, the Persian Gulf, China, Asia-Pacific.

One of the realities of this century is different regimes and organizations for cooperation between countries in thematic areas. This has grown dramatically, especially after the Cold War. It connects the world as a network of communication tweaks. China is the emerging power and through its potential, has been able to become the world's first economy in two decades. The main question of this article is that Why China has created regimes in East Asia? The present study relies on this argument that due to economic power, China is seeking to establish regimes for Strength its position and profitability is China's main motivation for creating regional regimes. For this purpose China has been formed or has supported ASEAN plus three, Free Trade Zone China-ASEAN, Infrastructure Investment Bank and Marine Silk Road.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the belief system is studied in foreign policy. The belief system entered the field of foreign policy and international relations using the achievements of psychology in the 1960 s. The link between psychology and foreign policy led to the most important feature of the belief system, the coherence of beliefs or cognitive consistency. The assumption of cognitive consistency theory is that human beings understand the world by relying on their key beliefs and are trying to maintain the coherence of their beliefs. And this key issue has made the review of the belief system of foreign policy decision makers one of the priorities of research, especially at the micro level of foreign policy decision making. So the question was, by what mechanism or methodological mechanisms could the system of beliefs and opinions of foreign policy decision makers be studied? It seems that the belief system can be consider as a cognitive map based on three layers of beliefs, including worldviews, ideologies, and foreign policy doctrines.

The paper aim is recognizing types of political culture and studying pathological relation between these types and political development in contemporary Iran. The theoretical framework is based on this presumption that if political culture types do not strengthen political stability and also do not reinforcement civil society – as essential components of political development – they will have pathological consequences. The study method is Documentary, and uses interpretation and analytical techniques. Tribal, ethnically fragmented, mass and populist, Islamic, and identity-based political culture of youth and women are specific types of political culture in contemporary Iranian society. Also the results suggest that the political culture types not only have a convergence with political development but in some cases threaten political stability and undermine civil society.

Bielefeld's historians, along with other important historiographical schools, have achieved success in the second half of the 20th century in providing a new approach to studying social phenomena. In this approach, historians, with the emphasis on the theory of social science, believe that the study of structures, generalities, and trends in a particular time period, especially contemporary, should be on the agenda of the historian of society. Consequently, the study of other dimensions of phenomena should be in parentheses. The article claims that the above-mentioned approach can have important implications for the historiography of ideas, in the broad sense of the word, and political thought in Iran: Important epistemic implications, such as linking ideas and society, emphasizing the study of trends shaping ideas, and finally, focusing on the general and collective structures of ideas. But in the ontological notions, the above-mentioned approach does not take precedence over the existence of ideas, and in methodological implications, the use of quantitative methods by this approach can not be a way to understand political ideas in general. Thus, the Bielefeld approach epistemically in some cases can have important implications for the history of political ideas, especially in Iran. But in terms of an ontological and methodological approach, in the context of the historiography of ideas, its implications must be subjected to modest adjustments, in order to provide a sufficient understanding of historical phenomena in Iran.

The resurrection of neo-retributivism in Anglo-American criminal law, with its ideology of proportional punishments, a harsh justice system, and maintenance of social ethics, in the last decades of the 20th century, is a subject that requires more explanation. Some thinkers attribute this phenomenon to basic changes in cultural, social and political structures. But there have been few studies about the nature of political changes which can be operative in this new criminal policy trend. In this study, therefore, I will try to clarify new inclinations in political philosophy that have been effective in the resurrection of this new criminal policy in England and America. At the end of this study, it will be concluded that changes in the structure of liberalism, which have led to the rise of neo-liberalism, can well explain much more about the rise of the policies of neo-retributivism in these two countries during last decades of twentieth century.

Rise, growth and development of abrasive streams such as ISIS are of the mist important events of the west Asia. Understanding this phenomenon which is a new form of Salafigari modern activities requires an appropriate theoretical framework. By examining charismatic theory of Weber, this research investigates formation and function of ISIS and in response to the question "what is Weber charismatic theory approach for ISIS? " It says that "considering the match of derived models of governance structure and conceptual model of charismatic in Weber thoughts for nature of ISIS, we can view it as contemporary charismatic movements. This research was performed by descriptive-analytic method.

National power, the capability of a country to use its own resources in an optimized way with the aim of exerting its will and national interests. An increase in power of competition and the sphere of influence of any country in the world is the result of upgrading the national power components. It seems intelligent approach to the sources of power like nuclear technology causes a production of national power, geopolitical weight and an improvement in sphere of influence and global standing of Iran and it also causes a jump in solving political and geopolitical challenges of Iran. Ranking the national power of different governments of a country, facilitates their cognition, clears national interactions and helps people with making national goals true and also protecting national interest. This research has an analytical and explanatory attitude and uses a method of measuring national power and also uses a multi-criteria decision-making compensatory to answer the question of whether acquiring nuclear technology in the studied intervals had led to an improvement in political component of national power or not? The results confirm this thoughtful approach.

Attaining consistency and coordination between morality and politics is a vital necessity for achieving a moral-oriented political structure and statesmanship. Therefore three schools of virtue ethics, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics are evaluated in order that their capacities and deficiencies are explained and revealed. For this purpose, the methodology of conceptual analysis and critical evaluation within analytic philosophy is used. The outcome of this study suggests that merely one of the triple moral schools cannot be sufficient to provide consistency between morality and politics. Therefore my proposed solution is to take some propositions from utilitarianism and deontological ethics together with Golden Rule to exploit the potential of these two schools of thought on the one hand, and to diverge from the contradiction and inconsistency in moral politics on the other. The point of departure for this compilation is a political morality which enjoys theoretical theme, and the applied capacity in the realm of politics.

The mainstream approach in interpreting the Rousseau's political philosophy is one that stipulates the understanding of Rousseau to the understanding of his "essential distinction" from Hobbes and Lock. Therefore in this approach, the understanding of the modern idea of citizenship which underwent a fundamental evolution through Rousseau's philosophy is dependent on the understanding of that "essential distinction". But we should not ignore the tight relationship between the Rousseau's political philosophy and Hobbes's new political design, in spite of its complexity and multilayered character. In fact Rousseau just like his modern predecessors confirms that human being in naturally apolitical and that for analyzing human condition we must begin with the idea of "individual". In this article, our purpose is to show that the understanding of Rousseau's political philosophy and thereby understanding of the idea of citizenship in Rousseau's thought is comprehensible more through the development and the radicalization of Hobbes's idea of the individual than through the "essential distinction". According to our reasoning the idea of "the individual possessed unconditional right in the state of nature" as the foundation of the new approach to politics is just the same idea hinders us to take this "distinction" into account as an "essential" one. Therefore what distinguishes Rousseauian citizenship from Hobbesian citizenship is the development and the radicalization of Hobbesian premises and leading to the conception of citizenship turned into second nature of the modern man.

At points of geopolitical and energy resources and strategic view, Persian Gulf is considered as an important critical sea in the world, and as a semi-closed sea, has an exclusive ecosystem among world's seas. Regrettably, despite these advantages, now, this gulf is a landfill for very dangerous pollutants, and pollution impacts on environment exacerbated by geographical conditions in Persian Gulf. International Maritime Organization as one of expert organizations of United Nations in environmental phenomenon, is responsible for finding a solution for Persian Gulf's pollution problem by supervision, following up and updating conventions' contents and either codifying new regulations. Declaration of Persian Gulf as a special marine area and codifying other environmental conventions in interaction with Ports and Maritime Organization in Iran, is assessed in this way. The main question of this research is: what role played procedures and mechanisms of International Maritime Organization in preventing Persian Gulf from pollution? And to answer this question, we propound this supposition that by implementing standards and environmental regulations of International Maritime Organization in Persian Gulf's seaports in Iran, Persian Gulf's water is prevented from more pollutions. To aim this goal, we use theoretical framework of neo-liberal institutionalism.

The application of security studies plays an important role in regulating social relations. The relationship between security and freedom in human societies is one of the topics of security studies. Understanding the views of Islamic thinkers on the relationship between security and freedom is one of the methods that is helpful in regulating that relationship. Seyed Qutb is one of the thinkers who has discussed security issues in his works. However, little research has been done. This article seeks to provide Seyed Qutb's perspective on the relationship between security and freedom in three dimensions: political, cultural, and economic. The question here is what is the relationship between security and freedom in the mind of Sayyid Qutb? To answer this question, the method of argumentation and the division of the theory of employment of Allameh Tabatabai (RA) has been used as a theoretical framework. One of the most important findings of this article is that neither security nor freedom take precedence over the idea of Sayyid Qutb, but there is a transcendent interaction between the two, and this, according to Sayyid Qutb, stems from the application of Islamic law to each. It is about security and freedom, and it is only in Islamic society that such a relationship between security and freedom is established. The results of this study, while creating scientific development in issues related to security and freedom, are used in legislation and conflict resolution in the political system.

Analyzing and evaluating existing perspectives on political science can provide a meaningful and accurate understanding of the revival of applied and efficient knowledge systems. Meanwhile, measuring students' attitudes about the current state of political science in Iran can provide a basis for analyzing and assessing the status quo, analyzing the aspects of political science in an analytical framework. In this paper, the quantitative and qualitative status of political science education will be measured, evaluated and analyzed from the viewpoint of students of the political sciences of University of Tehran. The statistical population of this research includes all students of Political Sciences University of Tehran (in the academic year 1396-1397 (2017-2018)), whose number was 1270. The appropriate sample size is presented in terms of accuracy and homogeneity of the population at 95% confidence level. The sample size is 336 people. In order to measure the status quo, variables in the relationship between education, research, degree of interest in the discipline, degree of satisfaction with the course, the degree of willingness to do research work and selected group activities represent the students' attitude in this field. In order to collect relevant data, a main questionnaire was used that asks to assess their attitudes in order to express their views through open questions designed. The main objective of this paper is to explain the strengths and weaknesses of political science education through the provision of strategic perspectives for outlining the issues and problems in the field of political science and promoting its status among academic disciplines. In order to analyze the views of students on strategies for improving and improving the status of political science in Iran, views were first categorized using qualitative analysis methods and then analyzed using statistical analysis of its status.

The city of Kirkuk, located in Kurdistan of Iraq as a geopolitical region of the Middle East, has been one of the main causes of the emergence of crises and challenges among the Kurdistan, Iraq and the region over the last 100 years. Regarding the importance of this geographical location, it can be characterized by its oil-richness, ethnic-religious diversity, territorial claims and a historical ethnic group that kept alive the possibility of the emergence and tension of the region. This situation has turned Kirkuk from an issue into a national and international crisis. In this paper, while briefly describing the geographical, historical, political and economic characteristics of Kirkuk and its emergence of the crisis and ethnic-geopolitical conflicts over it, it is to analyze what the crisis experienced during the period of the federal system of Iraq and also describing of what will be the possible path to geopolitical developments in its region. The question is: What will the impact of the Kirkuk crisis on developments in Iraq and the region be and how will future scenarios? In response to this question, it appears that the crisis in Kirkuk has affected the developments in Iraq and the region, and now faces the Iraqi federal system with deeper gaps than it has been in the past. This actual crisis, with the impact of regional developments, has the potential of geopolitical changes. This situation has made the Iraqi government's relations with the Kurdistan region vulnerable and fragile and has left Kirkuk's future ambiguous, with multiple scenarios for the future of Kirkuk.