Geography and Environmental Sustainability
Year:2017 | Volume:6 | Issue:21 |Papers Count:7

Tourism plays an important role at improving community mental health. Present study aims to study the strategies to improve social tourism in Teheran in order to provide suitable conditions for the benefit all people. The sample size is 141 including active tourism participants of Tehran county which were selected through snowball sampling and judgmental. The data collection tool is questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was proved by the experts. Besides، reliability of the questionnaire was proved by using Cronbach's alpha (0. 73). SWOT model Strategic was used in order to evaluate the present condition. The results show that social tourism situation in the region has not a good situation. SWOT analysis results showed that distinction of internal factors is equal 2. 018 and the distinction of external factors is equal to 2. 418. Although appropriate strategies and high priorities have placed in defensive strategies، there are some suggested strategies in every four groups including defensive، aggressive، review and diversity. At the end to get priority among defensive strategies for future planning، suggested strategies were given to 30 experts in tourism sector using PROMETHEE techniques. The results of Promethee model showed that providing infrastructure and funds facilities with a score of 0. 32، the formation of specialized office with a score of 0. 28 and increase the government's role in development of social tourism with a score of0. 28، are the most important strategies that have been identified.

Debris cones are the form of slope materials، especially in mountainous areas that were streak rapid and dangerous. Because of existence more weathered volcanic rocks، mountainous topography; climatic conditions with high temperature fluctuating and large number of frost days and tectonic forces activity، Aghlaghan basin have greater potential for Debris cones and Talus slopes mass movement is very active. Therefore، Debris cones and Talus slopes are considered as the most important factors in enhancing the sedimentation in rivers. The occurrence of these phenomena every year، leads to severe soil erosion and filling Yamchi dam، in the lower part of basin. The purpose of this study is the assessment and zonation of Debris cones and Talus slopes. In this study، at first، we investigated eleven Debris cones and Talus slopes risk factors in the region. These factors are: slope، aspect، lithology، distance from roads، distance from drainage، distance from fault، rainfall، number of frost days، temperature fluctuating، land use and soil. Then data layers were prepared by GIS. Analysis and modeling was performed by using the Vikor model as one of the multi-criteria decision analysis. Eventually zoning map was prepared on 5 classes very high to very low risky. According to zoning map، 2761. 72 and 7854. 30 hectares of area located in categories of very risky and high risk، respectively. Most risk areas are located in the weathered volcanic formations، between 35 to 30 percent slopes، slopes with low vegetation and overlooking the valley.

It is essential to monitor the spatial and temporal patterns of urban development and identify factors to urban planning and sustainable development، especially in developing countries. The main purpose of this study was to identify the spatio-temporal changes in Kermanshah land-use patterns as a lever، control the changes of future developments the city. To produce a land use map from satellite images Landsat 7 and 8 sensors OLI and ETM+ Related to 1991 and 2016 were used. After processing and pre-processing، necessary land use map was prepared and maps Enter were FRAGSTATS 4. 2 software. The analysis of landscape patterns was done based on landscape ecology approach using spatial criteria (landscape metrics). The results showed that during the period studied residential area of 3304 hectares has been increased. More reduction amount is related to the user without covering 2492 hectares. Also، according to the results of the analysis metrics landscape has an increasein Residential User Metrics PLAND، NP، PD، LPI، TE. Farmer User has an increase in three Metrics MPS To the) 42/81 Hectare (، Shape-MN to the (0/03 Hectare) and ENN-MN to the (10/48 Hectare). Users without coverage has an increase Only Metrics MPS، TE، ED، LSI and Shape-MN. Tree cover in the five Metrics) NP، PD، LSI، IJI) increases while other metrics have decreased. The blue zone has increased only metric TE to the 81870 Meter.

Mountainous regions of Folded Zagros (karst basin of Alvand) and High Zagros in Kermanshah have various karst aquifers which are discharged by karst springs. The aforesaid aquifers are considered as the main source providing drinking water of human communities، the ecosystems of the basins، and basic current of Alvand and Qaresou Rivers. Moreover، they have a vital role in the sustainability، continuity، and formation of urbanization in the studying area. The present study aims to investigate the effects of climatic changes on quantitative features and not only the present but the future discharge diet of the springs. In the present research، hydrodynamic method (Mangin method and time series) and hydro-chemical method (graphic method، ionic and saturation ratios) are used to evaluate karst system feature of the index aquifers. The findings show that karst geomorphology in High Zagros is more developed than the zone of Folded Zagros. Besides، the findings from hydrodynamic and hydro-chemical methods of the aquifers prove different development of karst systems and different hydrodynamic and hydro-chemical behavior of the aquifers. Comparing the findings from hydrodynamic and hydro-chemical methods and surface karst developments، it turns out that karst geomorphology has a firm effect on qualitative and quantitative features of the studying aquifers. Furthermore، studying the precipitation process of the region during the last decades reveals a decreasing process of precipitation and the occurrence of numerous droughts during last two decades leading to a decreasing process of discharge process of the springs. Predicting climatic changes of the regions in future indicates that there is a decreasing process of precipitation and changes affecting discharge diet of karst springs. Moreover، predicting annual discharge of the studying springs during next decade shows a considerable decrease of the spring discharge. The output of climatic models demonstrates that not only the discharge decrease، but also the periodic movement of over-hydration to cold season and the decrease of base discharge in hot period of year are regarded as the other climatic factors on the studying karst springs. Moreover، the difference of surface karst morphology and the rate of development of karst system lead to different hydrodynamic behavior of aquifers against precipitation fluctuations and climatic changes. Besides، qualitative features of the studying water have a significant relationship with the input water volume entering the aquifer and has no relationship with precipitation fluctuations.

Nowadays، moving towards sustainability is highly considered in different societies with different levels of technology and management. In order to have a stable and healthy city، planners، decision makers and experts have tried to seek indices، by which the urban communities’ capacity towards sustainability could be examined. In this context، the use of ecological footprint indicator in assessing urban carrying capacity has attracted so much attention in educational and scientific context. The present study attempted to investigate carrying capacity of Sanandaj in 2014 using ecological footprint indicator. The results showed that per capita ecological footprint of the city، for housing، transportation and food is 1. 43 hectares which is less than the national per capita footprint (2. 7 global hectares). The most and least parts of the ecological footprint belong to housing sector with 371923. 5 global hectare (0. 99 ha per capita) and to food sector with 382. 917 global hectare (per capita 0. 001) respectively. The bio-capacity of Sanandaj was 0. 38 global hectares during this period that indicates the ecological deficit and an upcoming instability in this city. Also in this study it was tried to examine the ecological security in Sanandaj using pressure indicators of production، consumption and distribution of ecological footprint and it was revealed that due to the higher rate of production pressure (14. 96) to consuming pressure (3. 71)، Ecological Footprint distribution index (3. 03)، was positive and showed that the city of Sanandaj is in a very dangerous state in terms of ecological security and would have a worrying condition in the future.

Analysis of the spatial pattern is an important element for the optimum management and having knowledge about ecosystem function. This study was conducted to analyze the spatial pattern of trees and shrub in the riparian forest landscape of Karkhe، also for assessment of their spatial variability regarding the distance from the river. The number of trees and shrubs were sampled using 117 plot (20m × 20 m) along parallel transects (perpendicular to the river). The distance between transects was 500 m. The variograms of Populus euphratica and Lycium shawii were spherical. Tamarix sp. and total of them were exponential. All revealed the presence of spatial autocorrelation. The range of influence was 186 m for Tamarix sp.، 362 m for Populus euphratica، 749 m for Lycium shawii and 208 for total. The kriging maps showed spatial variability of them. The spatial pattern of species total and Tamarix sp. are similar that was shown in correlation. So Tamarix sp. is a major part of this forest. Populus euphratica is replacing with Lycium shawii. Also the higher distribution is nearby river for all trees and shrub.

Visual characteristics have an important contribution to the region's identity and sense of place. It helps people enjoy the nature، built environment، cause investment attraction، socio-economic development of the region and attract tourists and their desire to return to the environment. Finding landscape and its perception by humans، plays an important role in the perception and his knowledge of the environment. The aim of the study is to evaluate the visual quality of landscapes in the main routes leading to Bojnord city and ranking them. In order to analyze the data، compilation of conceptual approaches to evaluate the perception of landscape and visual quality assessment method (LPD) is used. First، all major routes leading to Bojnord city were investigated through field studies using tools such as GPS، compass، maps of city and photography. Total 129 photographs، from different checkpoints in the three main routes leading to the city، were taken to study the visual perception of landscapes and 24 photos were chosen for final review. The main indicators، including six items of "the position of the viewer"، "distance vision"، "landscape composition"، "visual fragility"، "the eye of the beholder" and "Best to see"، in 17states، have been considered. According to the findings، route number one، with the highest points of view، under the viewer's feet and the lowest visual fragility، has a distinct perceptual quality from the other studied paths. The results of LPD method، show that this route، by the calculated of "P" (tourists' perception of perspective that is visible from all the sights in one place)، is in the first level. Finally، qualitative analysis and perspective drawing of landscape perception rhythm in three directions، is provided.