Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology
Year:2021 | Volume:27 | Issue:2|Papers Count:9

Objectives Despite the studies that examined the effect of exercise and meditation on depression and anxiety, no meta-analysis has proved this effect so far. Also, the effect of these factors is unknown in terms of gender and aerobic exercise. This meta-analysis addressed these gaps. Methods Major electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, were searched until July 2019. Studies addressing the effect of exercise and meditation on depression and anxiety were found. Q-test and I statistic investigated the heterogeneity across the studies. The probability of publication bias was explored using Begg's and Egger's tests. The results were expressed as the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval using a random-effects model. 2 Results We identified a total of 10015 references and 51 studies involving 3594 participants. Compared with the control group, the SMD estimate of anxiety was-0. 7 (-1. 20,-0. 19) for meditation,-0. 9 (-1. 24,-0. 57) for aerobic, and-1. 07 (-1. 67,-0. 46) for other exercises. Also, the SMD estimate of depression was0. 84 (-1. 26,-0. 42) for meditation,-0. 44 (-0. 72,-0. 17) for aerobic, and-1. 10 (-1. 55,-0. 65) for other exercises. Conclusion Exercise and meditation had a significant effect on depression and anxiety. Furthermore, there was an effect of the exercise and meditation on depression and anxiety regarding the female gender and aerobic exercise.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of Time Perspective Therapy (TPT) on dark tetrad personality traits of mothers and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) of their preschool children. Methods This is quasi-experimental clinical trial with pre-test, post-test, follow-up design. Participants were the mothers of 32 preschool children with SAD in Kazerun County, Iran in winter 2019 who were selected using a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into intervention (n=16) and control (n=16) groups. Mothers in the intervention group received TPT at six 90-min sessions, once per week. The data were collected using the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen inventory, Short Sadistic Impulse Scale, and Children Symptom Inventory. The collected data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS v. 22 software. Results The TPT led to a significant decrease in SAD symptoms and narcissism (P≤, 0. 05) at the post-test and follow-up phases, but had no any significant effect on other dark tetrad personality traits of mothers (P≥, 0. 05). Conclusion The TPT of mothers decreases their narcissism and the SAD symptoms of their children.

Objectives Recent studies have identified a disorder called Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) which has similarities with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in attentional problems and often is mistakenly diagnosed as ADHD. Attentional problems cause executive dysfunction and often affect the hot and cold executive functions. This study aims to compare the sensitivity to reward and punishment, response inhibition and sustained attention between school boys with ADHD and SCT. Methods This is a casual-comparative study. Participants were 100 elementary school male students (50 with ADHD and 50 with SCT) in Tabriz, Iran in the academic year 2019-20, who were selected through a screening method and based on the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham-IV (SNAP-IV) and the SCT questionnaires. The Balloon analogue risk task was used to measure the sensitivity to reward and punishment, while the continuous performance test was used to measure response inhibition and sustained attention. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of variance was performed in SPSS v. 20 software. Results The boys with ADHD had higher scores in sensitivity to reward, while those with SCT had higher scores in sensitivity to punishment. Moreover, the boys with ADHD had deficits in response inhibition, while those with SCT had deficits in sustained attention (P<0. 0001). Conclusion It seems that school boys with SCT have deficits in hot executive functions, and those with ADHD have problems in cold executive functions.

Objectives The world’, s aging population is increasing. Considering the importance of aging in place and its impact on lifestyle, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between place attachment and social functioning in the elderly. Methods This is a descriptive-analytical study. Participants were 400 older people in Tehran, Iran (234 males and 166 females with a Mean±, SD age of 66. 31±, 6 6. 78 years) who were selected through quota sampling. The data were collected by the Place Attachment Scale (PAS) and Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale (SASS). Data were analyzed in SPSS v. 22 software. Results The PAS dimensions of place identity (β,= 0. 23, P< 0. 001), place dependence (β,= 0. 17, P= 0. 001) and social relations in the neighborhood (β,= 0. 19, P= 0. 001) could explain SASS dimension of social activities quality, while place dependence (β,= 0. 31, P< 0. 001) and social relations in the neighborhood (β, = 0. 22, P< 0. 001) could explain the SASS dimension of social relations quality. Conclusion Place attachment is related to the social functioning of the elderly.

Objectives This study aims to evaluate the performance of Community-based Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) in Iran and identifying the strengths and challenges in the provision of mental health services. Methods This is a qualitative study, conducted using 36 individual interviews and 13 focus group discussions. Content analysis was performed and data were categorized. The findings were presented in terms of the needs for program implementation, achieving the expected goals and outcomes, and the findings of program evaluation. First, the points related to the provision of infrastructure and setting up the centers were mentioned, and then, the features, strengths and challenges facing the program were discussed. Results Significant successes were achieved in providing infrastructure and implementing the community-based mental health program. Challenges in the implementation of this program included the barriers to attracting more general physicians and the impact of culture and attitudes in each city on the effectiveness of the program. Conclusion To improve the performance of CMHCs, more attention should be paid to psychiatry and mental health educational programs in the general medicine curriculum, public education about the mental health and providing solutions for better implementation of the program.

Objectives Sexual health has been considered as a necessary condition for achieving reproductive health, rather than being a part of it. This study aimed to identify the challenges of sexual health in Iran and the strategies for its improvement. Methods In this qualitative study using content analysis, a semi-structured interview was used to collect data. The participants were 16 experienced experts who were selected using a purposive sampling method. After individual interviews and theoretical data saturation, data analysis was performed using the deductive content analysis method. Results Five main themes including the taboo of sexuality and low public awareness, unconventional sexual behaviors and emerging social ills, stigma and discrimination, lack of the political commitment of the government, and lack of statistical indicators and not utilization of existing capacities were identified as the challenges of sexual health in Iran. The strategies to address them included: Public education and empowerment with a special focus on the adolescents and young people, adopting policies and revising the related laws in line with social changes,gaining the political support of the government, promoting the right attitude with a focus on banishing stigma and discrimination against groups with high-risk sexual behaviors, collecting indicators and designing interventions using human resources and existing capacities, and promoting professional ethics and gender equity. Conclusion For addressing the challenges and achieving the highest levels of sexual health in Iran, it requires the political commitment of the government, revising laws, and inter-sectoral cooperation to design and implement multidisciplinary and multidimensional interventions.

Objectives This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) for use on Iranian population. Methods This is a correlational study. Participants were 280 undergraduate students in Mashhad, Iran in 2017 who were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. They completed the Persian version of NMP-Q and the Cellphone Overuse Scale (COS). To assess the test-retest reliability, 40 participants completed the questionnaire again two weeks later. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS v. 20 and LISREL v. 8 applications using Cronbach’, s alpha, Pearson correlation test, and confirmatory factor analysis. Results The results showed the high internal consistency of the questionnaire (α, = 0. 921 for overall scale and 0. 748-0. 885 for subscales). Correlation coefficients for assessing concurrent validity and test-retest reliability were reported 0. 51 and 0. 81, respectively. According to the results of confirmatory factor analysis, all four subscales of the main version were confirmed in the Persian version. Conclusion The Persian version of NMP-Q has good validity and reliability for use in Iran.

Objectives The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is one of the most commonly used measures for screening, diagnosing and monitoring of depression. So far, four studies have examined some of the psychometric properties of Persian version of PHQ-9 in physical and psychiatric patients,however, some aspects of its psychometrics have not yet been adequately evaluated in the student population. Therefore, this study aims to examine more psychometric properties of the Persian version of PHQ-9 in the student population. Methods In this descriptive study, 463 students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2018-19 participated who were selected using a convenience sampling method. The reliability of the Persian PHQ-9 was assessed using internal consistency and test-retest reliability for a 2-week interval. Its construct validity was evaluated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. To evaluate its convergent validity, the second version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the depression subscale of the 21-item Depression Anxiety Depression Inventory (DASS-21), the neuroticism subscale of NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the negative affect subscale of the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) were used. The openness subscale of NEO-FFI and the positive affect subscale of PANAS were also used to assess its discriminant validity. Results Cronbach’, s alpha coefficient of 0. 856 and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0. 869 indicated high internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Persian PHQ-9, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis results showed a one-factor structure, accounting for 47. 59% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that all questions were related to one factor. Positive correlation of the Persian PHQ-9 score with BDI-II (r= 0. 769), the neuroticism subscale of NEO-FFI (r= 0. 508), the depression subscale of DASS-21 (r= 0. 647) and the negative affect subscale of PANAS (r= 0. 430) indicated an acceptable convergent validity, while its negative correlation with the positive affect subscale PANAS (r= -0. 444) indicated its acceptable discriminant validity,however, its score had no significant relationship with the openness subscale of NEO indicates NEO-FFI (r= 0. 116). Conclusion The Persian PHQ-9 can be used in clinical and research fields to screen, diagnose, and monitor clinical and/or subclinical depression in the Iranian student population.

Objectives Suicidal behavior is seen in the context of a variety of mental disorders and it is believed that suicide has become a serious issue in both developed and developing countries. This study was done to evaluate the associated factors of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among Nigerian adults. Methods The data were collected from Federal Medical Center Birnin Kebbi and the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Kebbi State, a nationally representative sample was recruited using a multi-stage clustering method. Results Female gender, being divorced/widowed, lower education, and lower-income level were associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt (OR=1. 56,CI=1. 31–, 1. 97, OR=1. 91,CI=1. 09–, 3. 31). In particular, the effect of age on suicidal ideation presented a reverse pattern based on gender,there was a positive association for men and a negative association for women. Conclusion This study suggested that low education, low-income level, marital status, and age were predominantly associated with the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in women than men.