Journal of Community Development (Rural and Urban)
Year:2018 | Volume:11 | Issue:1 |Papers Count:7

Development agents are highly significant in national and regional level. But, border regions` development agents with Kurdish origins have been always paid attention with highly sensitivity by national policy makers. Present research has three basic aims including: local development agent recognition, identification of agents` relevant processes, and exploration of barriers for each agent`s role in the process of local development. In order to explain theoretical context of the question, institutionalism approach with good government role in local development have been presented. Piranshahr border region, in the south of West Azerbaijan province, is the only formal border with Iraqi Kurdistan, and has experienced fast development changes in recent twenty years based on academic research and the researcher`s lived experience. Research method is qualitative and is based on the analysis of interviews and participatory observation. Sampling is done through purposive sampling; and Data has been collected through deep and group interviews with 30 local development agents divided in five groups including: governmental agents (from state and parliament), economical agents (from local investors, border merchants, carrier laborers, farmers), security agents (from Sepah military forces, Border Regiment forces), urban agents (from city managers and real-estate agents), and native social agents (from local confidants, NGOs, and Clergymen). Results show that agents from government, security, border, and economical agents including border merchants, carrier laborers, and local investors, have had affective experienced trends which have been mainly accompanied by interaction, opposition, indifference, ethnic respect preserve, and friendship. Serious barriers for local development have been recognized as nonnative agents, security point of view, ethno-centric view, and distrust to local people. Good government indexes have been variant based on institutionalism approach in different political states after revolution 1979. Based on research findings, local good government with upward planning look, using native agents, and participation of local people is the most appropriate strategy for the fulfillment of local development in Piranshahr border region.

The growth of metropolitan regions is directly influencing the periphery from various social, economic and spatial aspects. In the periphery of metropolises, different forms of spatial organization are made in accordance with different situation of the environmental and the socio-economic systems. The aim of this study is to compare the marginalization process of metropolitan suburbs of Tehran. Includes Lavasan and Shahriar cities as metropolitan areas of Tehran metropolis. According to the Urban Rural Development Approach (UFRD), rural settlements with different dimensions and characteristics have an important role in rural and regional development. But in most developing countries, But in most developing regions, because of the lack of a hierarchical settlement system, these centers cannot perform their functions efficiently. In this study, In order to compare the living standards in the studied cities. We used the indicators of social, economic and quality of life indicators to determine the marginalization. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and uses a survey method. The results of this research indicate that Lavasan and Shahriar cities depend on Tehran's metropolis in terms of economic and social dimensions. The role of these cities in interacting with the metropolis of Tehran is often the role of a dormitory. While the quality of physical indicators in Shahriyar was better than the Lavasan as marginal cities of Tehran.

The creation of free trade zones in the specific regions of the country is one of the plans and initiatives that are often undertaken by the states to develop the region and improve its people social welfare. In Iran, in recent decades, these projects have been implemented in different regions of the country, which Aras Free Zone is one of these projects. Although significant controversies have been made on the impacts of these areas, which have often been referred to ineffectively, less research has been done, especially on the area under study regarding welfare indicators. Hence, this research inspired by Ferguson's notion that developmental plans would unintentionally lead to changes that were neither quite positive nor negative, and using the comparative method examines the outcomes of the Aras Free Zone on indicators Social welfare in this region. The findings show that although the Aras Free Zone, like other free zones of Iran, has not achieved its goals in general, its effects in various welfare indicators have not been the same. For example, in such indicators as health care, education, employment status has had some positive effects. Nevertheless, in other indicators such as social security and the need for supportive organizations and the economic situation (economic welfare), it has almost neutral effects. Simultaneously, in some indicators, such as housing conditions and Housing costs have had very negative effects. Similarly, it often leads to the formation of reverse immigration and the rise of strangers in the Aras commercial-industrial free zone.

Gentrification is defined as the promotion of degraded or old assets of the middle or high class of the society. This process operates in a powerful manner within the urban geography of capitalism and represents the conflict between various urban stakeholder groups. The purpose of this study was to provide an analysis of the conditions and processes governing the gentrification process in one of its controversial examples in Iran, i. e. the old fabric surrounding the Holy Shrine in Mashhad. Based on this, a series of deep interviews with 26 participants who were knowledgeable in this issue was conducted. Through grounded theory, the data (interviews) were analyzed. The factors underlying the gentrification process of the decayed urban fabric surrounding the Shrine were explored as follows: Underlying conditions such as the increasing commodification of the urban atmosphere, arbitrary governmental interventions in housing. . .; Causative conditions such as pseudo-governmental monopoly in the process of privatization, the lack of public funding and the constraints on governments, . . .; interventional conditions such as the increasing complexity of metropolitan entrepreneurship; the pattern of attracting and retaining foreign investment, . . .; Strategic conditions, including the violation of free marketing rules by governmental and pseudo-governmental stakeholders, gaining profit through supplying and demanding rents. . ., and the consequences of gentrification such as the rejection of early urban stakeholders and the undermining of the socio-economic foundations of democratic structures. To sum up, the gentrification process of the old fabric of the Razavi Shrine is a kind of "government-oriented approach to urban regeneration with a dependent gentrification nature"

The purpose of this study is to analyze the status quo using the capacity of None governmental organization in monitoring government performance and providing improvement strategies. This research is descriptive and of a survey type. To do this research, a researcher-made questionnaire has been used which includes elements related to internal and external factors (including 21 questions in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats). Validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by Delphi technique and by a number of professors and expert experts, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (a=0/887). The sample of the research was 347 NGOs. The internal and external evaluation matrix was used to analyze the data. The results of the research indicate that the current state of use of the capacity of None governmental organization in monitoring government performance has 7 strengths, 13 weaknesses, 7 opportunities and 9 major threats. Also, by examining the strategic position of NGOs, it was found that these organizations are focused on the coordinates of whistle in terms of internal factors in the area of weaknesses and in terms of the external factors of the organization in the area of threats. Accordingly, "defensive" strategies are recommended for the development of NGOs. Therefore, in order to minimize internal weaknesses and reduce the effects of external threats, taking advantage of the opportunities and strengths identified can help to fulfill its mission and duties.

The Famous cities are constantly trying to establish themselves as one of the new ideas for consolidating their place. One of these ideas is a creative city. By joining the Creative Cities Network, Cities are seeking to increase their economic power and have worked to develop policies and strategies to achieve this growth, one of which is urban branding, because the main urban branding role is to contribute to the city's economic growth. The purpose of the present research is to present a model of urban branding to realize the concept of a creative city using data base theory and emphasizing Urmia city. The purpose of the present research is to present a model of urban branding to realize the concept of a creative city using the data base theory and emphasizing Urmia. The method of data collection is a profound semi-structured interview with experts. The statistical society includes senior managers of the municipality, faculty members of the arts and urban group, city councils, and so on. Sampling was used for purposeful sampling and chain reference technique. Theoretical saturation up to the 16th was somewhat formed, but the research process continued until the 21st century. The coding method was used to interpret the data. The results of selective coding, the causal conditions, the ground conditions and the intervening conditions, affect the urban branding phenomenon. One of the most important prerequisites for branding is joining a creative network of cities. By joining this network, the ground for creativity is provided among all segments of society, and in some way the atmosphere or atmosphere of creativity is governed by society. Such a community is appealing to creative human capital, thus raising social capital in such a society. With the rise of social capital, political and economic and physical areas are also being fostered, and a ground for comprehensive development is provided. Since branding is not an end in itself and targets such as economic sustainability, credit enhancement, urban image, city image improvement, etc., and also pointing out that the idea of a creative city attempts to qualify the image of a city For citizens, it can be enhanced, we can take the position of a creative city and achieve economic sustainability with the ultimate goal of urban branding. The implications of this template also confirm this.

In order to achieve local development, the participation of all people in community should be considered. The elderly as a part of the society, are supposed to play an effective role in the community. It seems that identifying effective components in promoting the ability of this group and adopting appropriate strategies to enhance the elderly capacity for playing more effective role in the local development of a society are precondition for an effective role of the elderly to play in local development. Based on the main purpose of this paper, the promoting ability of the elderly is studied. Participants in this study have been elderly people of Larijan village of Mahallat city in Markazi province. In order to collect data, thematic analysis method in qualitative approach has been used. The data collection techniques are participant observation, semi-structured interview and ground-writing methods (note taking). For data analysis, coding and categorization have been used. To increase richness of the data 12 out of total 17 interviews with the highest quality have been selected and analyzed. According to the survey’ s results, the most important promoting factors effective in the development of the elderly ability are informational capital, being healthy and able to work, having spouse, literacy and education, religious participation, child-based supporting network, relative and friend-based supporting network, intellectual and practical independence, the ability of bargaining and eloquence, being contented and fatalism, rural culture teachings and some other factors mentioned in the survey. Considering this survey’ s results, the combination and continuity of agency and opportunity structure related to promotion or weakening of ability are inseparable. As a result, for any analysis or planning, this mutual relation should be considered.