GEOGRAPHIC SPACE
Year:2021 | Volume:21 | Issue:75|Papers Count:8

Climate change is one of the most important challenges of this century. The maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation were predicted for the intermediate future (2046-2065) and distant future (2100-2080) by statistical downscaling outputs of HadCM3 model under emission scenarios shows average of the mean temperatures will increase in the range of 1. 5 to 2. 1 °, C in the next 50 years (20-year average of the intermediate future) and 2. 4 to 3. 9 °, C in the next 100 years (20-year average of the distant future) compared to the base periods. According to the results of this study, drought is one of the most serious future crises in the country, which if not addressed, will threaten Iran's future in various aspects.

Border market place the subject of this research has been topic a lot of research. The end of This research is describe and explain the environmental effects of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border markets in the region. The aim of this research is to describe and explain the economic, social, physio, cultural and hygienically impacts of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace and the role of this phenomenon on the improve of livability. In the present research and in term of research methodology, we use both qualitative and quantitative methods in the following ways. Deductive strategy for investigating the research problem, two conventional methods of research,library and survey research, preparing and distributing 90 and 360 questionnaires for the evaluating of villages for collecting data, SPSS software, independent T-test and Wilcoxon test for statistical analysis of quantitative data, and the professors' viewpoints, executive directors' opinions, research achievements and field observations of the researcher for qualitative data have been used. Research findings indicate that people's employment in border exchanges has resulted in Temporary border markets have brought about positive changes in the indicators related to the economic, social and physical aspects of the rural settlement of the border areas of the region, especially the increase in income, population consolidation, the increase of renovation housing and, to a certain extent, the strengthening of rural housing, and as one of the activities The main features of residents of border settlements have an effective role in livelihoods diversity, reducing the unsustainability of rural settlements and improving livability of border regions of Kurdistan province, and the continuation of this activity will lead to the well-being of border settlements.

One of the main reasons for the occurrence of landslides is the mismanagement of the earth, especially in mountainous regions and valleys. In this research, we tried to investigate the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides and also comparing sections of Kuhdasht city in terms of landslide susceptibility in the form of multi-criteria decision making method (ELECTRE-1), areas with high risk of landslide hazard. The application of multi-criteria electric methods is in the ranking. The model (ELECTRE-1) evaluates the decision matrix, which includes m options and n indexes. In this research, the choices, parts of the city of Kuhdasht, and indicators are the factors influencing the occurrence of landslides. After weighing, comparing the pair and calculating the final weight of the factors, it was found that the gradient factor with a weight of 0. 379 and a petrology with a weight of 0. 248 have the main role in the sensitivity of the study area. The area was also assessed for the extent of the vulnerability to landslide. According to this assessment, Tarhan and Romeshgan sections (with the number of domination 2) have the highest risk for the occurrence of landslides and then, respectively, sections of Kohnani (with the number of domination 1), the Darbe gonbad and Central (Without the number of domination). The average weight of the factors according to the harmonized criteria is for the sections of Tarhan (0. 427), Romeshgan (0. 0412), Kohnani (0. 359), Darbe gonbad (0. 0253) and central (0. 217). Among the factors that cause the sensitivity of the parts of the Tarhan and Romeshgan, the percentage of sensitive slopes (15 to 45 degrees), the petrographic situation (with the overcoming of lime and marl), the use of inappropriate land and hydrographic network can be mentioned.

One of the most significant and obvious effects of dams on nature is the change in the type of use of surrounding lands. The construction of the dam reservoir contributes to converting pasture lands into agricultural lands and industrial plants, and dryland farming to the irrigated cultivation of crops. The main purpose of this study is to predict possible land repurposing in the Urmia Lake Basin based on hydroclimatology and remote sensing data. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the classification algorithm for the land use map of Urmia Lake Basin, two Landsat satellite images taken at the same month with a time interval of 15 years were selected. In addition, Landsat satellite images taken by ETM+ (Landsat 7) and OLI (Landsat 8) sensors were used. According to the predicted land use plan over the next 20 years, ​, ​, poorly vegetated rangelands, salt marsh lands, and bare lands will increase by 19%, 42%, and 17%, respectively. On the other hand, garden land areas, farming lands, rural residential areas, densely vegetated rangelands, moderately vegetated rangelands, and water zones will decrease by 16%, 11%, 1. 11%, 3%, and 24%, respectively. This land repurposing forecast by 2038 indicates that the reduction in water zones and the increase in salt march areas will be very high. The land use prediction map for the Urmia Lake Basin by 2038 indicates that bare lands, poorly vegetated rangelands, and salt marsh lands will increase by 1668, 7257, and 4497 ​, ​, square kilometers from 2018 to 2038. In contrast, farming lands, rural residential areas, densely vegetated rangelands, moderately vegetated rangelands, and water zones will decrease by 18356, 6622, 5578, 2974, 535, and 2911 square kilometers over a 20-year time period.

The main purpose of this research is to monitor the groundwater level using remote sensing science and satellite images and its relationship with land use. For this purpose, the relevant images were taken first and the necessary pre-processing was applied on each of them. Then the images were modelled and classified. In order to study land use changes, the land use classification map was extracted for 2002 and 2018 years using the object-oriented classification method and then to study land use changes, the land use change map was extracted for a period of 16 years. The highest rate of change is related to the use of rangeland to rainfed agriculture, rangeland to irrigated agriculture, forest to irrigated agriculture and rainfed agriculture to irrigated agriculture. Also, among the modified land uses, forest land use has the lowest increase. After extracting the land use change map in order to select the best interpolation model from different models, all models were evaluated and the Kriging method was more accurate than other methods, which among the different modes of the kriging method Also, K-Bessel model for 2002 and Circular model for 2018 have the highest accuracy. The results of groundwater survey showed that the highest and lowest average water level in 2002 belongs to rainfed agricultural use and water use and in 2018 rainfed agricultural use has the highest average water level and forest use has the lowest average water level.

One of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and physical development of the countrychr('39')s cities in recent decades, distribution system is not homogeneous urban centers. Because of the lack of fair access to facilities leading to social crises and complex spatial problems and distribution will be uneven urban neighborhoods. Therefore, spatial analysis of available facilities at the level of urban neighborhoods, it can lead to the recognition of deficiencies and excessive density and the extent of each of them. The purpose of the present study, measuring the level of access of residents in the neighborhoods of region 2 of ahvaz metropolis to the required facilities and services, according to four selected indicators of research(Construction, service, regulatory and socio-cultural) and 26 variables have been compiled. Type is of applied research and the research method was survey with emphasis on the questionnaire. The statistical population has been citizenships living in region 2 and relevant experts. Sample size included have been 13 experts and 382 citizens. Method of calculating the sample size using the Cochranchr('39')s formula for citizens and personal estimation method was designed for experts. Kolmogorov-Smirnov(KS)test was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution, and a mean test was used to review the status of research variables. The weighting of variables was also done by the shannon entropy model and ranking of neighborhoods using the MABAC technique. The overall results of the test show the mean,Satisfaction of citizens and experts in neighborhoods: padaafnd hvaaeii, syyed khlaf, zrdosht and kiyan shahr in aspect of selection criteria research(construction, service, regulatory and socio-cultural) is lower than the average number (3) limit which indicates the poor condition of these indicators in the mentioned neighborhoods. Also, the results of MABAC technique show that, amaniyeh neighborhood Si value (final value of the criteria function of options) equal to1/243 is in the first rank and respectively neighborhoods: kiyan abad, eastern kiyan pars, western kiyan Pars, kiyan shahr, zrdosht, padaafnd hvaaeii and syyed khlaf Si value: 0/481, 0/165, 0/027,-0/024,-0/224,-0/241 and-0/987 is ranked second to eighth.

In this study, in order to identify the status of health and educational indicators in the west coastal area of Guilan province, at first, the information of the above indicators for the three census periods of 2006, 2011 and 2019 was received from the Guilan governor's website. Then, using the Rural Development Index (RDI), Combined Result Index (CRI), Global Moran I, Local Moran I Index and cluster analysis, the extent of development and spatial distribution of indices in 8 coastal parts were determined. The results showed that the amount of RDI calculated based on the frequency and also the ratio of the frequency of indicators to the number of rural in each section, has a spatial difference. The Moran I Global Index indicates the clustering of the distribution pattern of boys' and girls' guidance school schools and boys' high schools. Also, RDI spatial analysis based on local Moran’, s I index indicates the cluster pattern of HH, LL and LH and HL Outlier clusters in some indicators such as health center, health house, bathhouse, rural nursery, primary school and girls' guidance in different years. Also, the results of local Moran’, s I on the CRI index indicate the Outlier clusters formation of HL and LH in three of the six cases. In this regard, CL analysis of health and educational indicators obtained from RDI showed that temporal and spatial shifts in cluster components (parts) have occurred over time. But the grouping of the CRI index has also been fixed spatially and temporally. According to the test of null hypothesis based on the none significance of a specific pattern and uniform performance of the index in the study area, it was found that the alternative hypothesis was approved and there was a significant difference between different sectors in terms of development.

The changes caused by the rapid growth of urbanization have faced cities, especially metropolises, with serious economic, social, environmental and infrastructural challenges and issues. In this regard, the City Prosperity Index has been proposed as a broad conceptual framework for measuring development and human and social welfare, in relation to the quantity and quality of urbanization. In this research, with a descriptive analytical approach and with the aim of measuring and evaluating the condition of infrastructure and the factors affecting it in the four regions of Ardabil, the effects of this index on improving the City prosperity index have been investigated. To achieve the research goal, 28 sub-criteria have been used. The information and data required in this research have been collected using library resources, statistics of 2016 and also referring to relevant institutions and organizations. For analysis, the data were standardized and the network analysis process (ANP) was used to weight each of the indicators. Then, using R statistical software and Prometheus multi-indicator decision-making method for City prosperity, each of the four districts of Ardabil was scored. The results show that districts 1 and 2 of Ardabil city are in a relatively weak condition in terms of having an City prosperity index based on the infrastructure component and districts 3 and 4 are in a weak condition and due to the concentration of facilities in the central districts of the city, City prosperity is reduced from the city center to the suburbs in all four areas. Also, the ranking of regions shows that regions one and four, with a score of 52. 39 and 48. 64, respectively, have the highest and lowest City prosperity in terms of infrastructure.