Armaghane Danesh
Year:2022 | Volume:27 | Issue:3 (152)|Papers Count:10

Background & aim: Given that an effective vaccine is not available against leishmaniasis, along with the side effects of current drugs and the emergence of resistance to treatment, researchers are seeking more effective, safe and low-cost natural compounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-leishmaniasis effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of opium with concentration 10% on lesion of Leismania major in BALB/c mice. Methods: In the present study, thirty male BALB/c mice, 6–, 8 weeks of age were injected subcutaneously in tail-base with Leismania major amastigotes. They were randomly divided into five groups (n=6 per group). Two groups (aqueous and alcoholic extracts of opium with the concentration of 10%) as experimental and three as control (Eucerin ointment, Glucantime and Control, which were infected but not treated). Treatment started when the CL lesions were appeared and continued for 14 days. The diameter of the lesion was measured and the differences in the mean lesion size were assayed by paired t-test, two-way ANOVA and tokay post-hoc tests. Findings: Statistical analysis indicated significant difference (P<0. 05) between treated groups in terms of wound diameters. The group treated with glucantime had the smallest wound diameter. The wound sizes of otherwise treated mice with alcoholic and aqueous extracts with concentration 10% and eucerin ointment were smaller than those of control mice without any treatment with statistically significant (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that despite of the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of opium on L. major in vivo, the mean wound size of mice infected with Leishmania major was less effective than glucantime. It is suggested that more studies be performed with the above extracts in different concentrations, along with nano carriers and in combination with other plant extracts.

Background & aim: Epilepsy is a very complex neurogenic disorder. Choronic epilepsy can affect memory and learning with neurochemical changes in different areas of the brain. Amitripyiline (AMT) is one of the the tricyclic antidepressants drugs that has antinociception effects. The aim of this study is evaluation of anticonvulsant and memory consolidationeffects of amitripyiline in male Wistar rats induced with Pentylentetrazole (PTZ). Methods: In this experimental study 28male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were used and divided randomlyin 4 groups(n=7): control ( 0. 5 ml salin normal), PTZ(60mg/kg), treatment 1 (PTZ + AMT10mg/kg ) and treatment 2(PTZ + AMT20mg/kg). All injections were done interaperituneally. After administration of AMT the convulsive behaviors were observed and recorded. The passive avoidance, memory acquisitionand memory recovery tests were done. All data were analyzed with one way ANOVA and Tukey tests for evalution of differences between groups. Results: The results of this study were showed thatthe delay in myoclonic movements in treated groups with AMT were increased compaired with PTZ group. The delay in memory recovery in PTZ group was reduced significantly compare with control group. Conclusion: AMT is able to reduce the convulsion caused by PTZ injection and also the has positive effect on memory recoveryin rats.

Background & aim: Apoptosis induction is one of the basic goals in the production of anticancer drugs. Evaluation of the relationship between non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and apoptosis in cancer cells is promising. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the combination of oxaliplatin and diclofenac drugs on the expression of caspase 8 and 9 genes in colorectal cancer cell line (SW480) using Real Time PCR. Methods: In the present experimental study conducted in 2019, SW480 colorectal cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of oxaliplatin and diclofenac, as well as a combination of diclofenac and oxaliplatin. The MTT method was used to check cell viability and the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) was obtained for each group, and the real-time PCR method was used to evaluate the expression of Caspase 8 and Caspase 9 genes. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and one-way variance statistical test and t-test. Results: In oxaliplatin treatment with SW480 cells, concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 μ, g / ml significantly reduced the viability of this category compared to the control (p<0. 001). And median inhibition concentration of 65 μ, g / ml was calculated. In the treatment of cells with diclofenac, concentrations of 1000, 500, 250 μ, g / ml significantly reduced the viability of this category compared to controls (p<0. 001), concentrations of 12. 5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μ, g / ml. Oxaliplatin in combination with 250 μ, g of diclofenac significantly reduced the viability of this class compared to the control (p<0. 001) and the median inhibition concentration calculated with diclofenac equivalent to 32 μ, g / ml. Also, the combined treatment of diclofenac and Oxaliplatine led to a very significant increase in the expression of genes caspase8 and caspase9. (p<0. 001) so that the expression of Caspase 8 gene increased about 3. 7 times and Caspase9 expression increased about 1. 8 times compared to the control in this experiment. Conclusion: Diclofenac in combination with oxaliplatin can cause more cytotoxic effects compared to oxaliplatin alone in sw480 cancer cells. And if these two drugs are combined, a lower dose of oxaliplatin is needed to achieve this goal. The combination of diclofenac and oxaliplatin is associated with increased expression of caspase 8 and caspase 9 genes. As a result, it is essential to investigate the possible use of diclofenac with oxaliplatin in the treatment of colon cancer.

Background & aim: Steroid production has been reported in the asexual tissues of the nervous system. Stimulants are in the normal activity, function and function of the nervous system. Identifying the conduction pathways involved in glucocorticoids and enabling brain parenchymal cells can offset the balance in the active nervous system at old ages when the body is depleted. Therefore, in this study, by increasing the activity of sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway attempted by purmorphamine and its capacity by Gant 61, the effect of this pathway on steroid process in culture medium of glial neurons is evaluated. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted in 2021. First, neuronal stem cells were obtained from the cortex of a 14-day-old embryonic mice by standard methods. Survival of neuronal stem cells after treatment with 5 μ, M pregnenolone with different concentrations of purmorphamine (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20) and Gant 61 was performed by MTT method. Then the cells were placed in a differentiation medium and after treatment with different concentrations and 5-day incubation, the surface of the cells was removed from the cell culture medium and the amount of testosterone and estrogen were measured by ELISA and HPLC. Data were analyzed using ANOVA statistical test using graph pad software. Results: The survival data of the groups indicated an increase in survival after treatment with purmorphamine (114. 3) compared to the Gant 61 group (63. 7 Pg) (p≤, 0. 5). Progesterone data in the supernatant of glial neurons showed that purmorphamine groups (287. 2 Pg) had a significant increase compared to control (88. 28) and Gant 61 (40. 5 Pg) groups (p≤,0. 001). Also, testosterone data show that purmorphamine groups (73. 8 Pg) in both ELISA and HPLC methods have a significant increase compared to the control (153. 8 Pg) and Gant61 (52. 92 Pg) groups (p≤,0. 0001). Also, pregnenolone group (236. 5 Pg) showed a significant increase compared to Gant61 (40. 5 Pg) group (p≤,0. 05). Analysis of estrogen data by HPLC method showed that there was a significant increase in estrogen production in the purmorphamine groups (331. 2 Pg) compared to the control (42. 11 Pg) and Gant61 (42. 11 Pg) groups (p≤,0. 0001). Conclusion: The data from this study indicated that the induction of the shh pathway by purrmorphamine increased the production of steroid hormones (estrogen-progesterone and testosterone) by glial-neuronal differentiating cells, which inhibition of this pathway had the opposite effect. The present study concluded that induction of the shh pathway can lead to the production of steroids.

Background & aim: Aberrant activation of various intracellular pathways is involved in differentiation, growth, apoptosis and cell survival. Different known intracellular pathways such as JAK/STAT cause tumor genesis and cancer development. This pathway plays an important role in various cellular functions and is activated by cytokines. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCSs) genes play a pivotal role in regulating the immune system. Therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the effect of valproic acid drug on the expression of SOCS1, SOCS3, JAK1, JAK2, STAT3, STAT5A and STAT5B genes in HepG2 cell line liver cancer. Methods: In the present experimental study conducted in 2019, HepG2 liver cancer cells were purchased from Pasteur Institute and the overlapping of the cells reached about 80%. Using trypsin, the cells were collected and after washing, they were cultured in 96-well plates. After 24 hours of cell culture, the culture medium was drained and the medium containing valproic acid drug with different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 7. 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 μ, mol) was replaced (solvent only control group). They received the drug, DMSO). After 24 and 48 hours, the cells were washed with PBS solution. MTT technique was used to determine cell viability. To determine the amount of apoptotic cells and gene expression, the cells were treated with valproic acid with a concentration of 6. 643 μ, mol for 24 hours and 5. 401 μ, mol for 48 hours, and after 24 and 48 hours, flow cytometry and real-time techniques were used for Determination of apoptotic cells and expression of SOCS1, SOCS3, JAK1, JAK2, STAT3, STAT5A and STAT5B genes were used. The collected data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Turkey’, s test. Results: Valproic acid significantly increased the expression of SOCS1 and SOCS3 genes, decreased the expression of JAK1, JAK2, STAT3, STAT5A and STAT5B genes and inhibited cell growth. This combination significantly caused apoptosis (p<0. 001). The percentage of apoptotic cells after 24 and 48 hours was 22. 38 and 50. 3, respectively. The maximum amount of apoptosis was observed after 48 hours. Conclusion: Valproic acid can induce apoptosis in HepG2 liver cancer through JAK/STAT pathway. Valproic acid seems to exert its apoptotic effect by decreasing the expression of JAK1, JAK2, STAT3, STAT5B genes and increasing SOCS1 and SOCS3 genes.

Background & aim: In recent years, the production of sewage and effluents containing pharmaceutical compounds and the subsequent entry of these compounds into nature is one of the major threats to the environment. Among these medicinal compounds, we can mention antibiotics, which are a large group of medicinal substances. Gentamicin is one of the aminoglycosides, after use, most of them are excreted from the user's body without absorption and enter the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine and photocatalytically degrade the antibiotic gentamicin using Fe3O4 / SiO2 / TiO2 nanocomposite synthesized in aqueous solutions in the presence of sunlight. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted in 2018. The initial concentrations of the antibiotic gentamicin (5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 mg/liter), the effect of pH (5, 4, 6, 7 and 8), retention time (10, 35, 60, 85 and 110 minutes) and nano-particle dose (75, 150, 225, 300 and 375 mg/liter) and in the presence of sunlight were investigated. The number of experiments based on the design method of the central compound design method was 34. In order to obtain the removal kinetics, 20 experiments were considered. Therefore, the total number of samples was equal to 54 samples. All experiments were performed in a one-liter reactor at laboratory temperature (24 degrees Celsius) with three repetitions. Identification and determination of the amount of gentamicin antibiotic was done by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method. The collected data were analyzed using Design Expert and SPSS software and statistical tests of analysis of variance and Excel 2019. Results: Removal of gentamicin using Fe3O4 / SiO2 / TiO2 catalyst in the presence of sunlight under optimal conditions (initial pH equal to 6. 91, gentamicin 15. 30 mg/L, catalyst 299. 80 mg and time equal to 83. 86 minutes) in about 13 81. 0% and the mineralization efficiency of gentamicin antibiotic was also shown as 42. 1%. The results of the kinetic study showed that the data follow the pseudo-first-order kinetic model well. The efficiency of the process decreased with the use of sulfate and chloride ions as radical scavengers. Also, the reusability of the photocatalyst in removing gentamicin decreased from 81. 13 in the first cycle to 80. 7 and 57. 8% in the fifth cycle, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the photocatalytic process of Fe3O4 / SiO2 / TiO2 exposed to natural sunlight can be an efficient process in the field of removing the antibiotic gentamicin from aqueous solutions.

Background & aim: Cystic fibrosis is a monogenic disorder in several systems. Since spacers used by these patients may be used several times a day, many of them do not know how to wash and use them, so these devices are good places for bacteria to grow. Therefore, this study was performed to identify and determine the relationship between the growth of microorganisms inside spacers and the effect of washing on possible microbial infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Methods: This is an intervention pilot study to determine the effect of the growth of microorganisms in the spacer of patients with cystic fibrosis on the exacerbation of pulmonary involvement. In the present study, 30 people were examined as a pilot sample due to the lack of a similar study. Patients were selected from children with cystic fibrosis referred to Imam Reza clinic. The target group was patients with a positive sputum culture (throat). At first, after the last use of a spacer, the culture was taken from the sputum and the inner surface of the spacer. Patients with a positive culture were instructed to wash their spacers in the second step. Washing was done daily after each use and immersion in sterile vinegar solution for 20 minutes and then rinsing and drying spontaneously in air and sun twice a week. After four weeks, the initial questionnaire was completed again for patients, and the change in clinical status was assessed. The error level of the first type was considered equal to 0. 05. SPSS software version 26 was used for analysis. Results: In this study, 30 participants with a mean age of 7. 51 (4. 21) with a maximum age of 18 years and a minimum of 1. 5 years. 19 (63. 3) were boys, and 11 (36. 7) were girls. None of the demographic and clinical variables were significant on the growth of microorganisms within the spacers in patients with cystic fibrosis. Sixteen patients (53. 3%) had negative spacer culture, and 14 patients (46. 6%) had positive spacer culture, of which 7 of them had the same result of sputum and throat culture, and in 7 patients, it was different. A 4-week period of using sterile vinegar (as mentioned) to wash spacer and educate families to observe spacer hygiene was performed again from the culture machine, all of which had 14 negative cultures. Conclusion: It seems that contamination of the spacers used by patients is a relatively common finding (46. 6% of patients). Due to the physical condition of these children and their susceptibility to respiratory infections, they may act as a source for microbial infections. Patients with a positive spacer culture had more hospitalizations than patients with a negative culture, which can confirm the relationship between spacer contamination and pulmonary exacerbation of these patients. Therefore, educating patients about hygiene and regular washing of the respiratory tract in children with Cystic fibrosis is strongly recommended.

Background & aim: Cancer is an incurable disease that is one of the leading causes of death all over the world in the present day. Since the approach to informing the patient about cancer can have a significant effect on the patient's mood, various researches have studied the angles of telling bad news. Due to the fact that people's views are different depending on the culture of each nationality, and in Iran they often share the news of the disease with the companion of the patient, therefore the purpose of the present study was to determine and examine the opinion of the companions of cancer patients about the need and how to tell the news of the disease. It was incurable cancer. Methods: In the present cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, after selecting 200 companions of cancer patients who referred to the radio-oncology clinic of Imam Reza Hospital (A. S. ), recording the demographic information of the perspective people, the necessity and manner of telling bad news (through answering a questionnaire whose validity and reliability have already been confirmed) was recorded. This questionnaire contains questions about the person's desire to find out about the incurable disease. The collected data were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher, t and Mann-Whitney statistical tests. Results: According to the opinion of most of the patient's companions, it is better for the patient to be aware of the bad news (88. 6% of the cases of the respondent and 66. 5% in the case of close relatives), it is better not to give the information to anyone else if the patient does not want to (74 percent), relatives should as well be present when the bad news is given (62. 5 percent), it is better to inform the relatives about the news first (54 percent), the doctor should tell the bad news (53 percent), in person ( 84. 5 percent) and told in a private place (73. 5 percent) and the amount of information given depending on the patient's desire (65 percent). Correspondingly, the opinions of the participants regarding the amount of information depending on the age of people (p=0. 02), regarding the place of information depending on the family relationship (p=0. 016), regarding the informant regarding the level of education (011) (p=0. 0) and place of residence (p=0. 012) and related to the way of informing about the person's job (p=0. 001) were different. Conclusion: Most people believe that the patient should be informed about the bad news, but the method of presenting it is as well important. According to the findings obtained from the present study, the specific conditions that people are considering have been identified, therefore, by training doctors in this regard, it is possible to improve the way of informing people and patients of bad news and reduce the harm caused by it. became.

Background & aim: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental condition that leads to debilitating consequences and is associated with numerous management challenges and consequences, so that families need long-term psychosocial support. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine and investigate the confusion of families with schizophrenia in a challenging support system. Methods: This qualitative study is a descriptive analysis that was conducted in 2019-2021 using purposive sampling, 31 participants were included in the study. Data were collected through individual interviews. Interview data is encrypted, code with similar themes is in the same category, and categories are derived from encrypted data. The ten Strauss-Corbin 2015 Criteria of Acceptability were used to ensure the accuracy of the data. Results: Six categories of topics related to community support challenges were identified from the interview data, which include "lack of supportive laws, lack of media in public education, insufficient economic support, negative attitudes and cultural misconceptions, lack of awareness, mirage of social support". . Conclusion: The family of a patient with schizophrenia needs help from formal social and sometimes informal sources. There are still shortcomings in this regard and they suffer from a lack of social and organizational support. In such a way that with the insufficient support resources of the society, they wander to save themselves from their oppressive conditions, they feel lonely and helpless.

Background & aim: Coronavirus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease of the respiratory system that has been identified by the World Health Organization as an epidemic. Patients with Down syndrome are more likely to develop Covid 19 disease with more severe complications due to their comorbidities. The aim of this study was to determine the status and severity of the disease in patients with Down syndrome in the corona virus pandemic (COVID-19). Methods: The present descriptive-prospective and applied study was conducted in 2021 on 111 patients with COVID-19 in the age range of 20-40 referred to hospitals in southwestern Iran whose disease was confirmed by CT scan and RT-PCR. Fifteen patients with Down syndrome and 96 patients were considered as a control group. First, the demographic variables of all patients were studied and recorded, and then the clinical and clinical information related to Covid-19 was evaluated and recorded. The collected data were analyzed using Chi-Square and T-test statistical tests and P less than 0. 05 was considered as a significant level. Results: In the present study, 15 patients with Down syndrome with COVID-19 infection (mean age 26. 14 11 11 years) and 96 Covid-19 patients with control group (mean age 38. 34 23 23. 2 years) were studied. In the group with Down syndrome, there were 9 males and 6 females, and in the control group, 54 males and 42 females. Further studies to determine the final status of patients were found that in patients with Down syndrome the rate and percentage of hospitalization in the intensive care unit 8 (53%), intubation 7 (45%), hospital discharge 7 (45%) and mortality 8 (54%) In the control group, the rate and percentage of hospitalization in the intensive care unit was 4 (4%), intubation was 4 (4%), hospital discharge was 92 (92%) and mortality was 4 (4%) (p<0. 05). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that due to immune system disorders and physical and clinical aspects of people with Down syndrome, there is a concern that these patients are more at risk of death from coronavirus than other people in the community. Therefore, more care and supervision by their caregivers to prevent infection with the Covid-19 virus, adequate care by the treatment staff in hospitals in case of hospitalization, and placing these people in the priority of receiving vaccination is highly required. It can also help raise awareness of infectious diseases and pandemics that may occur in the future.