SPORT PHYSIOLOGY (RESEARCH ON SPORT SCIENCE)
Year:2017 | Volume:9 | Issue:34 |Papers Count:12

The aim of this study was to analyze the content of journal of Sport Physiology since the first issue until 2016. While the description of content was quantitative, a systematic and objective approach was also considered. According to the results, the total number of papers were 263, in which 64.3% were in the scope of health, 22.3% were in the scope of championship and 13.3% remained papers were related to other areas, in terms of field of study. Surveying research designs, the methodology of 9.9% was descriptive, 76.8% was quasi-experimental, 12.5% was experimental and 0.8% were done by other methods.Surveying participants indicated that in terms of age, the young people had the highest portions with 4.57% and the lowest portions related to children and the elderly people.Also in terms of health status, healthy subjects (40.7%) and patients (11%) had the highest and the lowest frequency, respectively. In terms of dependent variable, cardiovascular and respiratory (30.4%) had the highest and sports nutrition (4.9%) had the lowest frequency.Based on research findings, it can be concluded that in terms of field of study, the highest portion of papers published in journal of Sport Physiology were in the health area and the most researches were quasi- experimental design in terms of research designs. Also, researches were mainly performed on healthy and non-athlete subjects in adult age range.Generally, regarding research frequency imbalance in various fields of exercise physiology, it would be recommended to determine research priorities for this journal.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of an interval aerobic session on Flow-Mediated Dilation and blood pressure in women with prehypertension (SBP=120-139 mmHg or DBP=80-89 mmHg). For this purpose, 12 women with prehypertension (mean±SD age 29.4±3.6 years, weight 65.7±4.6 kg, BMI 24.9±1.5 kg.m2), without exercise activities or any cardiovascular disease, were participated in control and aerobic exercise trials. Interval aerobic exercise concluded four sets of four minutes running with 90 to 95 percent of maximal heart rate, and four minutes of active walking rest intervals. Flow mediated dilation was measured before and one hour after the exercise session using Doppler sonography. And, blood pressure was measured before, immediately, and every 10min for 60min after the exercise session. Results of the pairedsamples t-test showed a significant increase in the Flow-Mediated Dilation, one hour after interval aerobic exercise (P=0.000). In addition, interval aerobic exercise can significantly reduce the blood pressure from 20 to 60 minutes after the exercise. In conclusion, this study shows that performing a session of interval aerobic exercise, leads to improved Flow-Mediated Dilation and blood pressure in women with prehypertension.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction on serum Adropin levels, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and anthropometric parameters in obese sedentary women. For this purpose, 30 obese sedentary women were recruited (Mean age: 40.2±5.4 year; weight: 77.9±7.1kg).Subjects randomly were divided into three groups for 16 weeks follow up: caloric restriction (experimental group 1 or CR), aerobic exercise with caloric restriction (experimental group 2 or EX+CR) and control group. In CR group, subjects follow a diet with 25% caloric restriction. Subjects in CR+EX group used a training program including aerobic exercise and running on treadmill for 66.85±5.34 minutes; 3 times a week and received a diet with 50% caloric restriction of CR group (12.5% caloric restriction+12.5% increase in energy expenditure). Before and after 16 weeks, blood sampling for measurement of serum Adropin was carried out. Data were analyzed by paired sample t-test and one-way ANOVA at significant level of P<0.05. BMI, WHR and HOMA-IR showed significant decrease in EX, CR and EX+CR groups. Serum Adropin levels were increased significantly in CR (P=0.05) and EX+CR groups (P=0.05).Significant correlation was seen between changes of Adropin with changes of BMI, WHR and HOMA-IR (P<0.05). According to the relationship between Adropin and insulin resistance and also, its effectiveness of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction, Adropin may play a special role in weight management and prevention of type 2 diabetes.

The aim of this study was the study of effect of exercise preconditioning on spatial memory disorders and expression of BDNF and NGF proteins in the CA1 area of hippocampus following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in male rats.21 male Wistar rats were randomly selected and allocated into three groups (sham, ischemia and exercise+ischemia). The rats in exercise group were trained to run on the treadmill 5 days in a week for 4 weeks. Ischemia induced by occlusion both common carotid arteries for 20 minutes. Spatial memory performances of rats were evaluated by the Morris water maze. The level of proteins expression was determined by immunohistochemically staining. Exercise preconditioning significantly decreased the time and distance traversed to reach the platform in Morris water maze. Also, pre-ischemic exercise significantly increased the expression of BDNF and NGF proteins in the CA1 area of hippocampus compared to the ischemia group. Exercise preconditioning, probably via up-regulation of neurotrophic factors, could have neuroprotective effects against brain ischemiareperfusion-induced injuries and improve short-term memory impairments induced by cerebral ischemia.

The aim of this study was the effects of 10 weeks aerobic training on oxidative stress in the kidney rats with myocardial infarction (MI). Four weeks after surgery, 24 male wistar rats randomly divided into three followed groups: sham surgery without MI (n=8), Control with myocardial infarction (Con-MI) and 3: Exercise training with myocardial infarction (Ex-MI). Ex-MI group running on a treadmill for 10 weeks (5 days per week, 50 min.day-1 with 17 m.min-1). While the sham and control groups throughout the period of the test intervention, did no exercise and were kept in cages.Catalase (Cat), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH) as an antioxidant index and malondialdehyde (MDA) as a lipid peroxidation index were measured. Statistical analyses showed that the level of GPx was not significant difference among three experimental groups, but the levels of Cat and GSH were significantly lower in the Ex-MI and Con-MI groups compared with the Sham group. Also, there are no any different between Ex-MI and Con-MI groups with respects to the Cat and GSH activities.MDA levels significantly increased after myocardial infarction. In this regards analyses showed that MDA decreased in response to exercise training. These results demonstrated that ten weeks of moderate aerobic exercise intensity decreased renal stress oxidative by reducing lipid peroxidation levels and probably prevent the chronic renal failure in rats with myocardial infarction.

The aim of this study was to investigate the Effect of a period of inspiratory muscle training at altitude with specific training at High and Low altitude on SpO2 and performance of endurance runners.12 running men (age: 24.4±3.1yrs, height: 180.5±4.2cm, weight: 66.7±3.4 kg, BMI: 20.5±1.0 kg/m2) were randomly divided into two groups: inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and without IMT, with specific running training at high and low altitude. Before and 24h after the training period, exhaustive testing free3000 m, Inspiratory strength Index (S-Index) and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) tests were taken. Training program include same continues, interval, aerobic and resistance training for two groups. The runners performed 16 training session per week in Living high train high, low (LHTH, L) within four weeks (just 3 training sessions per week at even days performed at low altitude and keep training with sleep at high altitude). (IMT) consisted of 2 set of 30 breaths with closed nose twice a day (morning and evening) at 50% SIndex at altitude. Repeated measures ANOVA was used as statistical method (P£0.05). IMT at hypoxia led to significant decrease in 3000 m running time, in both group. But the differences in volume and SpO2 was not significant (P£0.05).Seems that using inspiratory muscle training along with specified training in hypoxia led to increase in inspiratory muscle strength and inspiratory flow pressure, decrease of ventilation and also 3000 m running time in lower altitudes.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aerobic exercise with vitamin E consumption on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in people15 to 18 years. For this purpose, 44 patients with an average age of 15.79±0.97 (years), Weight 95.10±13.08 (kg) and BMI of 31.46±3.22 (kg/m2) randomly divided into 4 groups of 11 persons (1. aerobic exercise with diet 2. Vitamin E with diet 3. Vitamin E+aerobic exercise with diet 4. Diet). Variables of Weight, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and elasticity of the liver was measured before and after 8 weeks intervention. The paired T-test and ANOVA showed that in comparison within groups decrease in indicators such as weight in the first, third and fourth groups, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio in the first and third groups, triglyceride in the first and second groups, cholesterol in first and fourth groups, low-density lipoprotein in the fourth group, the second group and alanine amino transferase in second group and liver elasticity was significant in all groups (P<0.05). In comparison between groups and between variables except of high-density lipoprotein and cholesterol difference was not significant (P<0.05) that in Scheffe post hoc test results in favor of vitamin E with diet group were observed.So, it seems that aerobic exercise along with diet control or the daily intake of vitamin E (400IU) along with diet control have a significant role in the improvement or decline of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. But to achieve the most effective way and a single treatment strategy requires further research.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of boldenone and Resistance training on Hematological profile and spleen structure in Wistar rats.47 male Wistar rats aged 12 weeks (weight 195±7.94 g) were randomly divided into seven groups: control, sham, boldenone-1, boldenone-2, Resistance training, Resistance training+boldenone-1, Resistance training+boldenone-2. Resistance training program includes six weeks of climbing a ladder for 5 sessions, 3 sets, 5 repetitions, and one-minute resting between sets with 50% 1RM in the first week and 100% 1RM in the final week. Injection once a week, on an appointed day, and in the quadriceps and hamstring was conducted in depth. After anesthesia, autopsy was performed and the spleen Isolated. Selected microscopic sections, then stained with hematoxylin and eosin were studied with microscopic. Spleen injury was determined based on histological criteria. Data were analyzed by T-Test, one-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD at the significant level P<0.05. The results showed that boldenone supplementation with different doses of leads to increase in platelets (P=0.033), neutrophils (P=0.05) and white blood cells (P=0.001). Also, the results showed boldenone consumption significantly increased damage to the white pulp (P=0.02), red pulp (P=0.001) and the spleen sinusoid space (P=0.000). It seems short-term Consumption of Boldenone have a negative change on the structure and hematological factors of spleen and resistance training cannot prevent of spleen injuries resulting the use of anabolic androgenic steroids.

The aim of this study was to compare of different timing effect of carbohydrate intake before exercise on maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and Fatmax in endurance runners. Eight professional endurance runners (age 21.6±2.61 years, VO2max 63.0±8.7 ml.kg.min, body fat percentage 9.1±1.92, Background 7±3 years) participated as the subject in four separate trials. In the first session, the participants performed a graded exercise tests at 8 a.m. in fasted condition on treadmill to exhaustion in order to determine the amount of Fatmax and MFO. In the second, third and fourth session, with an interval of seven to ten days, participants in fasted condition, consumed 1 gr carbohydrate per kg body weight, with 500 ml water five minutes, one and three hours before the beginning of graded exercise tests. The amount of MFO and Fatmax were measured through indirect calorimetry method using the gas analysis system with aim of stoichiometric equation. The analysis of variance tests with repeated measures was used for data analysis. When carbohydrate is consumed five minutes and one hour prior to physical activity, MFO and Fatmax depict the lowest and highest decline respectively. MFO and Fatmax, in fasted condition, was significantly higher than the consumption of carbohydrate five minutes, one hour and three hours before the exercise (P<0.05). But no significant difference was seen in MFO and fatmax between different conditions of carbohydrate consumption. In general, the results indicated that consumption of carbohydrate in different timings before exercise cause the decrease in MFO and transferring of Fatmax to lower intensity of exercise. This means that the start of fat oxidation reduction occurs in lower intensity and participants depend more on carbohydrate sources.

The aim of this experimental research is to evaluate resistance training by up-tothe moment recording of mouse activities. Statistical population: Male mice (C57BL6-10 weeks old approximate weight 18-25 g) were randomly selected.The samples exercised in two groups: A (no light stimulus, 12 mice) B (with light stimulus, 15 mice) using a variable angle ladder with slope movement in 30°, 60° and 85°. The device consisted of four separate channels with a variable angle ladder at the bottom and movement sensors on each channel wall that recorded and drew the mathematical graph model of every training mouse activity separately using a particular hardware and software. Analyzing graphs showed that in the assumed exercise– training protocol members of one group in the same condition had not exercised similarly and their exercising model was significantly different by virtue of speed, time and intensity graphs. This difference was observed even in various training days of a mouse in comparison with itself.Therefore, the research indicated that it is impossible to assume the training activity of a group of mice in a resistance training to be the same even in a similar condition. As a result, the precise way of separating and grouping the trained mice is to monitor the training momently. With this method the effect of implemented training on each mouse is recorded and analyzed independently from others.

The purpose of this study was to provide models to predict quadriceps and hamstring muscle cross-section area based on anthropometric parameters in 20 to 70 years men.88 healthy sedentary males between volunteer subjects aged 20 to 70 years selected in this study. CT imaging scans as basic method, and anthropometric measurements as predictor variable, were taken from their thighs.A significant correlation between anthropometric measurements with quadriceps muscle cross section area and volume was shown by multiple regression in the two groups (P<0.05). The estimation model of muscle cross section area: quadriceps muscle cross section area=1.418 (O)– 12.861 (M) +0.102 (A) - 1.013, and hamstring muscle cross section area=1.302 (O2)– 0.628 (M) +0.253 (A) –34.672. In these models, the O means the circumference of tight in middle areas to centimeter, the M means skinfold thickness in middle areas of the anterior region tight in centimeter and A means age in year. The standard error estimates were 8.8 and 9.1 percent respectively. The results provided valid and accurate models for estimating the cross-section area quadriceps and hamstring based on anthropometric variables in 20 to 70 years healthy sedentary men, that are useful for research in the field of clinical, exercise physiology and exercise science. Due to the simple use of this study models, can be used as a practical method in hygiene, health and research centers.

To study the hepatic lipid metabolism, 44 male Wistar rats randomly divided in two normal or high fat diet groups. Each group was included of control, moderate exercise and high intensity exercise groups. After the 8 weeks of training hepatic relative gene expression of Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR), Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) and also sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) were assessed. Also, plasma lipid profile and Aminotransferases levels were measured. Data were analyzed by 2way ANOVA in SPSS 22 (P<0.05). According to the results, high fat diet caused dyslipidemia and probably liver injury and only increased SERBP-1crelative gene expression. Although training had not any effect on FXR expression, PPAR-α expression increased in trained high fat diet groups, independent to intensity. SREBP-1c expression just decreased by high intensity training in normal diet group. In summary, dyslipidemia and hepatic fat overload could be induced by high fat diet due to hepatic SREBP-1c expression and activation of lipogenic pathways. Although exercise changed the gene expression but had no effect on lipid profile or transaminases.