Financial Economics
Year:2015 | Volume:9 | Issue:32|Papers Count:8

In every country the value of money is closely related to economic power, continual and stable growth of physical commodities and the more production stability would continue, the cost index is more steady. One country that has desirable and fast economic growth, as compared with other countries, its money will be strengthened. Growth of each economic factors such as gross domestic product and partial sale and employment result in demand increasing for that foreign currency and consequently its strengthening. On other hand, some policies can increase the international competition power for one country in clued micro economics and macro economics.The purpose of this research would be considering the change real exchange rate and its effects on the competition indices in Iran’s economy during the period of 1979-2013 The equations are estimated by VAR test and using eviews6. Estimation results show that oil incomes and budget deficits had negative effects on real exchange rate, and GDP and liquidity had positive effects on real exchange rate.

Volatility and instability of fisheries product price is one of the characters of inefficient marketing of these products. Therefore, in this study we will consider the effect of Prices Transmission on Marketing Margins of South water products during 2004 to 2014 with combining the Houck Methodology and marketing Cost model which is presented by Frigon et al (1999). The results show that perfect increase price transmission for ghobad, White halva, hamur, hoor, rashku, sangsar, shir, sorkhu and Black halva rejected. In addition, results show for white halva, hoor, sangsar and sorkhu short term and long term of symmetry price transmission rejected and intermediary earn profit with increasing marketing margins through asymmetry price transmission. The result of price transmission elasticity show that for hoor, white halva, sangsar and sorkhu Wholesale prices rise more strongly transmitted to the retail level while the decline in prices slow transferred to the higher levels of the market.

This paper evaluates amounts of subsidies in the agricultural sector and estimates the effects of the implementation of price adjustment and targeted energy subsidies on economic growth and agricultural production. The methodology used is input-output analysis. The results show that the rising energy prices have increasing effect on the agricultural sector production. Price analysis of targeted energy subsidies shows that animal products increased more than 82 percent. Targeted energy subsidies could reduce 6.9 percent of output in all economic sectors and this reduction will be different for different economic sectors. This study shows that Output reduction is approximately 15.56 percent in Food, Beverage and Tobacco sector and 7.75 percent in agriculture and horticulture sector.

One of the method to recognize key sectors allocation resources priority in the the economy, is using Input-Output Table. Identifying the key sectors of the economy prevents from inadvertent investments and leads to deliberate economic activities and proper prioritization for allocating the limited resources. Tourism industry, as an important economic sector, is composed of various subsectors which plays a crucial role in the economic growth and employment. In this paper, With Using an input-output model we identified key sectors in Tourism Industry and its impacts on the economc growth. Based on production elasticities among sectors as a measurement instrument, the findings suggest investment in the key sectors of tourism industry including road transport, libraries and museums, rail transport, and water transportation in order to achieve higher level of economic growth. In other hand, based on employment and income elasticities, transport services and water expansion as a key sectors were identified.

Agriculture productions are dependent to fossil fuels and other energy resources. Any damage in providing energy in agriculture sector has significant effect on its output productivity. Statistics show that the total amount of energy consumption in the agriculture sector during 1370-1388 has increased from 1.33 million barrels of crude oil to 4.43 (equivalent to 1.3 times higher). Petroleum products are the main sources of energy consumed in this sector. In this paper, in order to forecast the energy consumption, value added of agriculture sector by an ARIMA model has been calculated. Then based on the average energy intensity in existing situation (7.0) and future years we forecasted three scenarios for energy consumption (One favorable and two unfavorable scenarios) up to 1410. High-energy intensity will create social costs and damages to environmental via emission of greenhouse gases. Subsidy payment to energy consumption has led to vulnerability to environmental problem. In order to optimize the energy consumption and reduce its intensity in the agricultural sector different strategies should be considered such as decreased in the use of fossil energy and using new energies.

Tax revenues considers as one of the most important sources of financing and as an effective instrument for fiscal policy in the most economies. The many economists have done experimental and theoretical studies about the effects of taxes on economic growth in different countries. For this purpose, this study investigated the relationship between the taxes and economic growth in Iran, OECD and OPEC selected countries. The results of this article for Iran during 1963-2011 has indicated that no cause relationship between taxes and economic growth. Johansen test also showed that the tax have not effected on economic growth. This Result also in 26 OECD member countries during 1998 to 2011 using the VAR-Panel model shows have cause relationship between taxes and economic growth. However, these results from Pedroni and Kao tests also indicate that have no cause relationship between taxes and economic growth in OPEC selected countries during 1994-2011.

In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the insurance expansion as a financial intermediary and economic growth in Iran and some selected MENA members countries i.e. Algeria, Bahrain, Turkey, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Egypt, Morroco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, UAE, Cyprus, Malta in "1997-2010". A descriptive analysis method has been used as the main approach. Using an econometric model based on deduction analysis and panel data model, a macro review has made on MENA countries financial markets variables as well as the position of insurance share in the capital markets and its relationship with the their economic growth rates. The results show that there is a significant and positive relationship between the aforementioned variables and the economic growth among the chosen countries during survey period. We recognize that the most effective variable on the economic growth is employment. One percent increase in employment index had a 0.34 percent increase in the economic growth. In addition, one percent increase in capital stock had a 0.08 percent increase in the economic growth. One percent increase in total premium had a 0.23 percent increase in the economic growth. Insurance had a positive effect on the economic growth on MENA member’s countries. The effect of insurance on economic growth has been considerable quantity.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the co-integration and causality between military spending and external debt during the period of 1988-2012. To the accurate deliberation of this main used the Zivot - Andrews (1992) unit root test with structural breaks based on the three approaches, autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL), Johansson (1990) and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS). Demonstrate co-integration in upon three approaches have been done by using Pesaran's et al bonds (2001), trace and maximum eigenvalue and Saikkonen and Lutkepohl (2000) co-integration tests. The estimated long-term and short-term coefficients and reviews of direction causality have done based on error correction model (ECM). The results indicate a low positive effect of military expenditure on external debt in short-term and long-term. In addition, there is one-way causality from military spending to external debt in short-term and long-term.