THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL RESEARCH (AFAGHE HEKMAT)
Year:2014 | Volume:3 | Issue:7|Papers Count:6

Conformity between subject and object is of the main issues of epistemology. By mediating the quiddity between subject and object and as a result the essential conformity, philosophers tried to solve the problem of conformity. However, the theory involves objections failing to answer the problem of conformity in knowledge in the end. In contrast, what could be coordinated with Mulla Sadra's philosophical and epistemological principles is theory of identity of objective which refers conformity to the reality of knowledge originated from denying quidditiveness of knowledge and exclusion of knowledge from the quidditive categories

In studies about determining the primacy in the view of Sheikh-e Ishraq some believe in the primacy of quiddity and some in the primacy of light or intuition and some considered it as a literal discussion and sometimes Suhrawardi is introduced as a proponent of the primacy of existence. However, it seems that there is a need for argument taking its material from a comprehensive outlook based on the philosophy of Suhrawardi. Along with this study the points of the conflicts are indicated showing that the characteristics of the primacy are unity, objectivity and being known to knowledge by presence. Then, we interpret those matters which are attributed to Suhrawardi. It is shown that the quiddity considered by him has the capacity of being original; although regarding his epistemological view, it has not occurred in his philosophy. Then we examine the possibility of primacy of light and its literal discussion in this conflict. The final conclusion is that Suhrawardi has not defined any thing to which the primacy could be attributed. Finally the existent was considered as the primacy to terminate the conflict.

In Plotinus's idea, universe is composed of three hypostasis including The One, nous and soul. The most important of these three is the hypostasis of The One. The most basic issue of Plotinus philosophy is to recognize the One, and His attributes and features. The Plotinus's view on this case has two faces and is between negation and affirmation. Sometimes, he takes away any attribute and name from The One, so that it makes impossible to attribute any kind of feature, and sometimes he attributes various features and descriptions to Him. This paradoxical viewpoint has made him being known as a follower of apophasis. However, by reviewing the foundations and reasoning of each of the negative and affirmative features, it becomes clear that the negation of features in Plotinus' view, refers to the negation of limits and failures from The One and he believes in the affirmative features of The One based on two foundations: real simplicity and objectivity of features with the essence. Furthermore, he considers The One as the holder of all exalted features. Thus, paradox in his view is removed with regard to the aforementioned issues and other features such as a gathering between assimilation and purification, multiplicity of the human aspects and divisional absoluteness.

Selecting the content of education has always been one of the debatable topics among philosophers of education. Though this issue has been considered in the realm of philosophy of education, today it has gained a higher status due to the daily increase of knowledge and this question is permanently asked that which knowledge is of more importance and should be adopted for being offered in institutions of education.Paul Hirst, one of the prominent philosophers of education in the twentieth century England who is one of the founders of philosophical and educational School of London, spoke about 'forms of knowledge ' and announced these forms as content of public education. In this paper, we analyze Hirst's theory of 'forms of knowledge' and principles of selecting the content based on formation of this epistemological theory that has been offered.

This research is an effort to understand the view of Plato on poetry and art; in other words, paying attention to the dispute between wisdom and poetic feeling and inspiration, in such a way that Plato tries to cut the imaginary wings of poetry with the razor of wisdom and encounter the human being with some realities which are appropriate to the true life. So he exiles Homer, as the representative of the poets and somehow the king of the poets to determine in turn the situation of some other low-rank poets. It is obvious that the hostility of Plato against the poets, whose works are as a general mirror of a exalted art, is not directed to Homer or a particular person. What Plato is in fight with is the undue posterity of poetry attaining an incorrect interpretation from concepts such as: justice, attributes of God, champions, fable stories etc. stated in an appropriate manner by the poets as the instructors of the time, youth and the polis. Plato himself had been writing tragedy in youth. After familiarity with Socrates, he put all of the works that had been composed before to fire. Nobody can deny the great influence of poetry on human soul. However, we should consider which poets are useful for human soul and paideia and which poets cause aberration and corruption of the youth's soul and the polis. Now we should see if there is a particular poet and art which deserves more consideration by Plato? In other words, opposition of Plato with poetry is an effort for proving the rightfulness of the philosophy as the most honorable art and constructing building block of human nature and Plato's polis on the rational criteria, a polis in which its governors and instructors are the philosophers not the poets.

Man achieves knowledge through many ways. Higher and lower situations, and the cultural, political and religious fundamentals and traditions prevailing the societies shape the human Knowledge and determine his functions. In this paper the most important epistemological approaches to Tarikh-e Beyhaqi is treated under four major issues by discursive and analytical method: Literary and social, Cultural, religious and political traditions. The research findings show that Beyhaqi has attempted To form the epistemological principles of the readers along with certain objectives and approaches through various ways.