AL TARIKH VA AL HAZARAH AL ISLAMIYA ROYATO MUASIRAH
Year:2064 | Volume: | Issue: |Papers Count:6

The examination and study ofIbnAbi al-Hadid’, s view about Ghadir and clear text on the succession of Imam Ali in his most significant work, the description of Nahj al-Balaghah is the "main issue" of this paper, which has been carried out in a descriptive and analytical method. The hypothesis of this study is that even though IbnAbi al-Hadid does not consider the Ghadir event as a clear text for the caliphate of Ali, he emphasizes its importance and mentions important examples of the celebration of Ghadir in his work, emphasizing the type of belief of the Imamiyah in those celebrations. Based on the findings of this study, IbnAbi al-HadidMu’, tazili accepts the event of Ghadir and the praise of the Messenger of God (Prophet Mohammad) from Ali and even mentions the views of the Imamiyahscholars in the context of the text on the caliphate of ImamAli with his tolerance. He also mentions the prayers of the Prophet for Ali in Ghadir. In his work, he has also rejected the celebrations of Shias on the anniversary of GhadirKhum and its philosophy, a topic that was less discussed in non-Imamyah works before the Mongol invasion. He does not accept or interpret the narratives that are consideredclear text on the Imamate of Imam Ali.

The tolerance of Muslims in learning sciences, especially geography, is one of the reasons for the growth of civilization in the Islamic society. Analyzing the recent sources and using the descriptive and analytical method shows that from the very early centuries, inspired by the Islamic teachings that commanded them to acquire knowledge and awareness from others, Muslims paid attention to the civilizational assets of other civilizations in various sciences, including geography, and according to the need they had in this field, they translated works in this science from ancient civilizations such as Greece, Iran and India into Arabic. These translations, which showed the breadth of vision and tolerance of Muslims, introduced them to geography in a new and scientific way, and in the next stage, led to the writing of valuable works on the subject of this science in the Islamic world. Although these writings were somewhat influenced by the scientific achievements of others, in many cases, they presented new and novel achievements, foundations and methods, and even challenged some of the previous knowledge in some cases.

Ghadir’, s sermon as a managerial action and behavior, while pointing to the basics of management and leadership such as praise of God, theoretical and practical monotheism, belief in divine sovereignty and special attention to man and his capabilities, and managerial implications such as power, supervision, appointment, determination of the rank and position of people in the organization and organizational hierarchy is a rich and valuable source for explaining the features of the management and leadership of the Great Prophet including faith in God, angels, holy books and divine messengers and servitude, vast knowledge given by God, transparency and documentation and keeping secrets is gentleness, tolerance and generous behavior with followers. The importance of the present study is that it has been organized through using the library method based on the description and analysis of religious teachings with the emphasis on the text analysis and systematic understanding of Ghadir’, s sermon, aiming at discovering and presenting the management and leadership characteristics of the great prophet. The findings of the study suggest that the characteristics of management and leadership provided by Ghadir’, s sermon, due to the meaningful connection with the spirit of leadership and having significant, outstanding, and practical functions, have consistent, compatible results and they are comprehensible and inclusive. The results that reveal the differences, distinctions, and prominences of the management and leadership characteristics of the Great Prophetcompared to the management and leadership characteristics in popular literature.

Coins are of the most important historical documents. The expressions engraved on the coins provide researchers with valuable information in the political, cultural, social, and economic fields of different eras. One of the most important expressions engraved on the coins is the religious slogans engraved on them, which provide reliable information about the religious developments of different eras. The coins minted in the Islamic era of Iran contain various religious slogans, one of the most important of which is the slogan "Ali Wali Allah". This slogan is considered the most important and basic Shia slogan. This study aims to identify, examine and analyze types of coins minted in Iran (from the 4th century AH to the establishment of the Safavid government) on which the word "Ali Wali Allah" is engraved. This research tries to state that the engraving of the slogan "Ali Wali Allah", as the most basic Shia slogan, on the coins of Iran from the 4th century to the beginning of the 10th century AH, shows the active presence of Shias in political and social relations. The research method is descriptive-analytical through using library studies and documents.

Civilization-forming elements depend on common objective elements such as language, history, religion, customs and traditions of a society. Accordingly, during their lifetime, Shia scholars have made a significant effort to create an identity and form an independent life based on the teachings of the Imams, in order to protect the elements of Shia identity by defining the Shia civilized life system as well as spreading religious teachings to social life, and prevent sectarian conflicts. In the meantime, Sheikh Mofid (413 AH), taking into account the coincidence with the Shia government of Ale-Bouyeh (322-448 AH), in order to redefine and shape the Shia civilization based on the teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt, started to write the book Masar al-Shia as a behavioral calendar for the happy and mournful life of the Shias. This paperis based on the descriptive-analytical method to explore the efforts of Sheikh Mofid in designing and institutionalizing Shia civilization according to the book Masar al-Shia. Some of the findings of this study can be Sheikh Mofid’, s emphasis on monotheistic life, reflection of Islamic teachings in civilizational life, protection of religious beliefs, interaction, and relation of religions, development of social vitality and foundation for strengthening the concept of ummah in society.

Marriage is an institution that has seen many ups and downs in different eras in its history,Including in the Safavid era, which is considered a new chapter in the history of Iran, and the changes and developments in it have left lasting effects on the social, political and religious institutions of Iran. The question raised here is what is the quality of the image of the institution of marriage in the Safavid era? The answer to this question in a descriptive-historical research approach and with the benefit of social and jurisprudential-legal studies will produce results. Marriage in the Safavid era is a function of the patterns of permanent marriage, temporary marriage, marriage through buying a wife, arranged marriage and exchange marriage with common features and effects specific to each one in this historical period. The most important rules in marriages have beenMahramiat (In Islam, a mahram is a member of one’, s family with whom marriage would be considered haram meaning illegal in Islam) based on consanguinity, intra-spouse and same-spouse relationship. Also, in addition to the multiplicity in the pattern, the multiplicity in the wives is also observed, and various factors have been involved in it. As mentioned in the narratives of foreign tourists, some elements can be listedas the reasons related to unity or multiplicity of choice of wife in the Safavid erasuch as wealth, being away from one’, s spouse and staying for a long time in another place, the difference in temperament of the people of the East compared to the people of the West, the transfer of a slave girl from other countries, the presence of the institution of temporary marriage and the desire to have many children.