JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES (KERMAN)
Year:2006 | Volume:NEW | Issue:19 (16)|Papers Count:16

The present paper, based on the grammaticalization theory, deals with the concept of possession in Persian (including Old, Middle and New Persian) and shows how the old way of expressing possession using the verb "to be" and dative /benefactive case is replaced by the verb "to have". In a later stage, the verb "to have" has been used to mark the progressive aspect in Modem Persian. This shift from "possession" to "aspect" is a. change that can be seen in many languages and is explained using the concepts of "semantic bleaching" and "metaphor".

In recent years, many areas of instruction and evaluation have undergone reforms in response to changing theories of learning, teaching and testing. One 'such reform is that the era of testing has changed into an era of assessment (Birenbaum, 1996, p.22).This study aims at comparing and contrasting the traditional methods of testing and the new trends of assessment. In the course of this overview, the traditional testing model and its drawbacks have been drafted. This is followed by dealing with the contributions of testing and assessment to language learning through providing feedback to the students. It continues with the discussion of alternative assessment in the domain of language skills and attempts to form the theoretical basis of the current study on the effectiveness of alternative assessment techniques in language learning. Finally, report of an experiment conducted by the researchers will be given supporting the view that alternative assessment techniques can significantly affect students' writing performance.

Zoloali Khansari is a renowned poet of the end of 10th and the beginning of 11th centuries who was skillful in composing different forms of poems specially, 'qasida' (ode), 'ghazal' (lyric) and 'mathnawi'. He is famous because of his mathnawis which is known to biographers as 'haft Ganj' (seven treasures). His longest and. most important poem is 'the Mathnawiof Mahmoud and Ayaz'. Khasari's love to his' home-land, Khansar, is dearly found in his poems. It is certain that in composing 'mathnawis' he has followed Nezami Ganjawi and Mulla-i- Rum. Sometimes, he has even derived the themes and concepts from them.Zolali was attributed to the court of Shah Abbas of Safavid dynasty and is one of the followers of Mirmohammad Bagher Damad.He is an innouative, creative and well versed poet who has a special style in expressing his ideas and there are rare words and new expressions in his vocabulary. Beautiful images, similes and metaphors abound in his speech and give special beauty to his poetry. 'The Mathnawi of Mahmoad and Ayaz' is his most important and longest mathnawi that tries to relate spiritual and mystic points, in the form of an amazing love story.

Nature and its symbols have always had a warm and vivacious presence in literary works, yet, romantic writers and poets have given nature and its phenomena, a new look in their works.The romantics have painted nature as a live and beautiful retreat. Gibran Khalil Gibran, the Lebanese writer and painter has frequently drawn the nature, as have other great romantic artists, as an element of healing to human sufferings.The article first casts a general glance at nature's stance in the literary school of romanticism and then studies the place of nature in Gibra's works while pinpointing on Gibran's angle of viewing the nature. He has considered nature as a vital, emotional and original element and like other romantics has praised the rural life versus the urban surroundings. Gibran's view of the nature as a live element has led him to use literary devices to demonstrate natural phenomena.

Farrokhi Yazdi (1888-1939) is one of those poets who did journalism as well. He was both the publisher and a Columnist of the 'Toofan' (typhoon). His prose mainly focuses on communicating socio-political messages. Stylistic matters, however, are considered only as the second significance of his writings. Prose—writing poets are generally expected to keep a poetic prose style but Farrokhi has avoided this and keeps from the other poets prior to him. His essays and articles sound like written lectures and, due to a hot vocative tone of voice, his language sounds to be that of a dialogue, hence problematic in some sense.His article headlines are usually picked from folkloric proverbs. In this regard, Mirzadeh Eshghi, his contemporary, could be a second example.

Among successful studies expounding the mechanism of narratives and specially the stories, one could mention Todorov's method and analysis in studying mythical stories. He has paid attention to different aspects of the stories by depicting the relations of the characters therein. Todorov believes that understanding the interrelations of the characters is vital to the mechanism of the story and its development.The article, casting a general glance at the particular aspects of the narrative, tries to depict the interrelations of the characters of "Sinbad' based on Todorov's theory.Different types of narrative aspects are studied and the network nature of the interrelations between the characters, the very foundation upon which the framework of the story lies, is also depicted.

Sayyab is an Iraqi poet who is a pioneer of modern Iraqi poetry. Among contemporary Arab poets, he is famous due to masterly use of myth and principles of romantic school, and pleasant presentation of them in his poems.in this research, after taking a glance at Sayyab's life, the author describes how the romantic school was formed in the west and how it entered into Arabic countries. Then, samples of romantic and mythical concepts in Sayyab's poem are surveyed via some examples.

This article explores Ma'ruf Karkhi's life, works and thoughts: 1. it brings new insights into the personal, social, educational, devotional and mystical dimensions of Karkhi's life.2. It demonstrates the unsoundness of the historical relation between Imam Reza and Ma'ruf.3. It shows how Ma'ruf was influenced by the Sabeans.4. It studies and analyzes sayings, prayers and utterances attributed to Ma'ruf.5. It surveys Ma'ruf's role in the transition from ascetical Sufism into mysticism.6. It shows the influence of Ma'ruf's tales on Persian literature.This article also discusses and criticizes the reliability of various sources related to Ma'ruf.

Rostam and Esfandiar's story recounts part of the events that took place after Keykhosrow. As a result, the interpretation of this story focusing on the last days of Keykhosrow's reign is of vital importance. In the present essay, I have firstly reviewed the analyses and interpretations of scholars on the main theme and then I have tried to trace the main coursee of the story line of the narrative being the challenge of Goshtasp family with traditions and on the contrary, Zal's family being the defenders of the traditions. This clash is in such a way that makes symbiosis impossible. Rostam's defeating Esfendiar is a sign of the of the tale- maker's interest in preservation of the tradition. The gloomy end of Rostam's destiny is due to his clash with tradition which ends in the weakening and defeat of tradition and country which is in itself, ominous.I have surveyed traditions such as keeping the distance between kingdom and heroism, the relation between religion and government, the noble of origin and the way these are in contrast with the Goshtasp dynasty in Shanameh. Some issues such as the primary failure of Rostam, the reason for growing Choob-e Gaz in Ab-e Raz and also the existence of two heroes, one old and the other young have been discussed.

Mithraism is a religion of ancient Persia. Mithra, which had a close relation to the Sun and are usually mistaken, was worshipped as a deity, This religion disappeared after the Iranians accepted Islam. Mithraism terminology could be seen in some literary works. Khaqani who resided in Shervan - a neighborhood of Armenia (center of Mithraism for sometimes) - uses concepts from Mithraism and Christianity in his poetical works. Use of praise for Mithra, Mithra in red, Sun's ritual bathing, Mithra's attack on cow, the lion and the sun all prove this claim. Khaqani also names some renowned literary characters related to Mithraism.

This library research article aims to study the concept of Vali and Velayat, one of the most important elements of .Islamic Sufism. The article depicts the effect of Shiite culture on Sufi works, after surveying different aspects of religious leadership/Afterwards, discussion revolves round types of leadership, attributes and characteristics of leaders, number of leaders and the stages of leadership. Since religious progression forms round the leader known as 'pir', it could be said that 'pir' is nothing but the path and the way of the traveler in Sufis', final analysis. Therefore, one could analyze many hints of Sufism through accurate familiarity with the leader.

The article points to the main theme of Khaghani's poetry known as description and repetition. It revolves round description of the morning, musical instruments and drinking means. Reference is made to the style and frequency of use of some other poets before Khaghani to depict how beautifully Khaghani uses repetition in his poems rhetorically.