GEOGRAPHY AND TERRITORIAL SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
Year:2018 | Volume:8 | Issue:26 |Papers Count:14

The issue of access to urban services is one of the important issues that affects the urban environment from a variety of dimensions. In some cases, lack of proper access to some applications also endangers the health of individuals. Health services are an example of this, and the need for timely and appropriate access to it is essential for all people in the community. Access to services from both spatial and non-spatial access dimensions can be verified. In the meantime, socioeconomic conditions of the society are considered as an important aspect of non-spatial access. Because non-spatial access reflects the social and economic conditions of the population using the service. Accordingly, in this study, nonspatial access to health services in Mashhad was analyzed. For this purpose, the conceptual model of the research was first developed using eight socioeconomic indicators at 1266 statistical domains. The use of factor analysis model for socio-economic characteristics of domains led to the formation of two economic and social factors that account for more than 74% of the total changes and variations. The result of the factor analysis for each domain was mapped to each factor in the coordinate axis (x; y) and the position of each domain was obtained. The result of this study showed that in Mashhad, a different situation was observed in terms of non-spatial access indicators. So that 21. 6% of the population is considered as the first priority in health promotion programs due to low socioeconomic status as a non-spatial access index. This should be considered in the development of health and medical programs.

Alvand batholith is located at thr South, south East and west of Hamedan with the North West-South East direction. Mountain valleys are formed by initial structure, tectonic and geomorphologic processes of erosion over time. Result of geomorphology processes has impacted the form of counter lines during the quaternary. The contour lines curvature coefficient has obtained from dividing the spatial distance to real distance of counter lines in 1/50000 topography map. The number of contour lines curvature coefficient can show the long-term effects of influencing factors. To achieve this purpose the study area was divided into 28 sub-basins. Morphometric parameters of curvature coefficient were estimated in four basin group according to the highest peaks (3500, 3400, 3200 and 2800). The linear Relations were calculated between the curvature coefficients and the height of contour lines. Subsequently, the calculated coefficients were evaluated in relation to direct of slopes. In the beginning the amounts of Curvature coefficients had a descending process from peak to valley afterward this process has begun to ascend near the mountains front sinuosity. Such changes have showed the glacier process transition to the sub-glacier process. Due to the mountains sinuosity differences in the north-east and south-west slopes of Alvand batholith, the lowest amounts of Curvature coefficients in the north-east slopes have higher elevation than the south-west slopes, whereas the curvature coefficient are lower in number in north-east slopes. These results have shown the influence of elevation and slope direction on the amount of Curvature coefficients. Additionally glacier processes have had more impact on north-east slopes than south-west slope.

The purpose of this study is to determine the contribution of various factors to predict the amount of traffic generated by urban users in the central part of Neyshabur city. For this purpose, a descriptive and analytical research method has been used in the form of correlations of the predictor type. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the required data. For the impact of changes related to each urban user, firstly, experts and managers related to traffic were questioned. in order to compare these results, field data was also collected. The sample was 60 people in the Morgan table. The subjects were divided into two equal groups of 30 people for the staff working in the urban management body and other people. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, descriptive and inferential statistics such as Chi-square and multivariate regression analysis. The results showed that among all the factors studied (number of employees per user, location, density and type of function), only the number of employees per user (the number of permanent and temporary directors and employees against the other components of each user and Or performance) can predict the amount of traffic generated by each user (urban performance) (P = 0. 000). But adding any of the variables of the location, density and type of performance to the number of employees can not significantly increase the predictive power of traffic generation.

Ahar, one of northern counties of East Azerbaijan province-Iran, haven’ t could attain to its right and suitable place in ecotourism development in spite of having appropriate natural landscapes. In this regard, knowledge of ecotourism potentials and identifying areas with high potential for ecotourism development is necessary in order to save time and money and enhancing the tourism economy of the study area. This research was tried to achieve this purposes using fuzzy multi-criteria analysis. In this regard, based on field evidence and bibliography, data and information of 8 environmental criteria, including slope, aspect, elevation, distance from streams, stream density, vegetation density, soil and lithology were collected. Preparation, management and analysis of data were performed by geographic information system (GIS), finalized by zoning ecotourism potential mapping of the study area. Results of this zoning showed that there is good potential for ecotourism in the area. Also, the map has a suitable agreement with the realities of the field. Localization of zones with high ecotourism potential in the south of the township and through river valleys, while emphasizing importance of these areas gave priority to villages of the study area in terms of ecotourism development, so that villages located in the SW of the area including Bozkosh and Goyjehbel had the highest priority for ecotourism development, respectively. The lowest ecotourism potential is mainly assigned to the eastern regions and mid-township areas located on the northern side of Ahar river. Although the role of vegetation density criterion in the zoning map and prioritized ecotourism map were more pronounced than other criteria, we shouldn’ t ignore the prominent role of streams and riverbanks in creating favorable environments for ecotourism. Finally, the development of ecotourism in the region needs special and holistic attention to natural attractions of rivers and mountains.

Public participation at different levels is considered as one of several strategies to reduce deprivation in rural communities. Thus, it can play an important role in increasing people's awareness about civil and citizenship rights, affect the management of villages and institutions affairs, and defend the rights of rural people. Therefore, in this article it has been tried to examine the approach of people and the leaders of villages about public participation at different levels. The present study is objectively an applied research, and also descriptive-analytical and cross-correlation in view of method, in which the bulk of the data were collected at the regional level based on field studies (questionnaires, observations and interviews) and by random sampling from 320 samples. According to the results of Pearson correlation test, the obtained results of the study showed that there was a significant correlation between all indicators, but in most cases it found to be less-than-desirable Numeric limit (3). Also during spatial distribution of relationship between levels of public participation and deprivation reduction in the society, only two villages (Vali-e-Asr and Rashnodeh) showed direct correlation in terms of participation in the study area, but the correlation was weak amongst other villages. Thus, according to the findings, several solutions are suggested including creating public organizations related to training people to reduce deprivation in rural communities, creating socio-cultural contexts requirement to increase the participation of people in different aspects of rural development, and providing motivation for spontaneous public participation in the preparation, adoption and implementation of the plans, etc.

In order to develop urban and rural areas, various executive programs are implemented by the state institutions. If the programs are not compatible with the economic and social conditions of the hosting community, they will create many problems for them. This is especially important in human settlements where their livelihood source is one or two economic sources. The methodology of present applied research is a quantitative one which has been carried out with a survey method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of belt construction on the economic, social and environmental conditions of villagers in Shaho city from the viewpoint of citizens. All The village households heads of Shaho village (3526 people) were the statistical population of the study. Due to financial and time constraints, the researchers, using Bartlett et al. 'S table, considered 200 heads of the household as the sample population. Subsequently, the questionnaires were distributed randomly among household caregivers. The main tool of the research was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by observing the principles of field research and making necessary corrections. The results showed that the satisfaction level of about 90% of the villagers in Shaho city was related to the construction of the belt at weak and very weak levels and the average calculated was 1. 27. The results of the study showed that the satisfaction of the residents of Shaho village from residence in the city before and after the construction of the belt showed that the average rank of satisfaction of citizens significantly decreased from 96. 59 to 69. 5. The results also showed that decreasing income sources and increasing unemployment, decreasing property and property values, geographical isolation, emigration and social anomalies, stopping the growth and development of the city and environmental degradation, the most important effects of belt construction on the residents of the village The city of Shaho has been able to explain about 71% of variance of dependent variable.

Geotechnical earthquake zonation as one of the most important factors necessary for town and country arrangement and also development of different region, is able to provide valuable information on the studied areas. In this study, based on a wide range of geophysical test results in Semnan City, iso-velocity maps of shear wave and iso-depth maps of shear wave velocity were provided using ArcGIS program. Using iso-velocity maps of shear wave, seismic bedrock depth was determined through three different criteria for Semnan City area. Seismic bedrock depth in Semnan City was measured from about 5 to 30 meters according to the Standard 2800. Based on zonation and according to the nature and type of sediments, southeast of Semnan have greatest depth and northeast have the lowest depth of seismic bedrock. The average shear wave velocity varies between 427 and 804 meters per second in the depth up to 30 meters. In general, from the northern to the southern part of the city, the average shear wave velocity decreases and the depth of seismic bedrock increases. Furthermore, soil was classified using the study results and based on the Standard 2800 and European Regulation. The results showed that Semnan City area often falls into group II according to the Standard 2800 and mainly into group B based on the European Regulation.

Urban Physical development has been the major concern of urban planners during recent years, therefore, better understanding of urban and its development is necessary for sustainable development. Urban physical development resulted to destroying Agricultural lands, moving to hazardous areas like flooding areas, hazardous earthquake areas, unreliable slopes which in fact damages ecological balance and sustainability in cities. Shiraz, as an example, shows that urban physical development due to rapid growth of population and lack of ecological and environmental considerations results in development of city to hazardous ecological and natural areas. This research is to answer following question: Is physical development of Shiraz city happened toward natural hazardous areas and occurred in farmlands and gardens during 1956-2006? The aim of this research is remarking which areas developed in natural and environmental vulnerable area. Urban sustainability means ecological-physical balance which considers natural and environmental urban physical development. Analysis of these variables was performed by linear combination technique with regard to information structure and its ability to be used in computer systems. After choosing ecological and topographical criteria like slope, height, dangerous earthquake areas and farmland were graded by linear combination. Then, these criteria were analyzed and combined by ArcGIS software tools. The results showed that from the total area of the city, 38. 6 percent are unfavorable zones, 38. 5 percent lower zones and only 22. 8 percent comprises the appropriate zone. This situation indicates that the environmental suitability of Shiraz city is low.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors effective on the improvement of political participation from the Viewpoint of local people of Ardabil County. First, Effective Factors in Improving Political Participation in the study area were identified from the view point of local elites using semi-structured interviews. To achieve this goal, 35 residents of the studied region were interviewed individually with college education and at least a bachelor's degree. In the second step of study, in order to understand and analyze rural communities' view point and their theoretical agreement degree with the results of the first step, 38 identified causes were the questionnaire design basis by Likert method. It can be said that studied population in this study consists of all villagers living in rural areas of Ardabil County in 2016 (N= 85053), among which 383 persons were selected as statistical sample using Cochran formula. In order to analyze the data, factor analysis model was used and the results of this model showed the most important factor improvement of political participation from the perspective of local people in studied region includes five components (improvement of political living and social learning, improvement of social living and latticework, economical flowering and confidence building and environmental living and motivation amplify) that explained variance and the cumulative variance by the five factors 58. 54. And finally, practical suggestions have been presented according to the results of the study.

In settlements located on the eastern borders of Iran (the borders between Iran and Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan)-that for reasons, security and non-security have been considered as critical border areas-rate of social capital seems lower than expected. However, this capital is considered as a key factor of sustainable development of border settlements. Therefore this study has been done with the aim of explaig the threatening factors of security in the framework of social capital approach and investigating its spatial differences in border settlements of Sistan and Baluchistan province. Social capital be included indicators of social trust, participation and solidarity. Threatening factors of security to be included social disorganization, relative deprivation and lack of social control. The method of research is analytical-descriptive and correlation. Due to widespread population, 382 local people and 136 local administrators were selected by Cochrane from Mirjaveh, Saravan and Zahak Township as the sample size. The data processed and analyzed using fuzzy logic (MATLAB) and statistical methods (SPSS). The research findings indicate a relatively high rates of social capital and average of threatening factors of security respectively with the degree (0. 628) and (0. 593) as well as high reverse correlation between social capital and threatening factors of security (-0. 838). Findings also indicate a significant difference, of spatial in terms of geo-political location and the lack of it in terms of the type of settlement (rural and urban). Therefore, the results indicate lack efficient management of border areas in the region and lack of based-opportunity approach to border and border areas that emphasizes livelihood and other aspects of frontiersmen life in relation to security and national and regional development.

Nowadays sustainable development approach as a framework for analyzing sustainability of human settlements’ System in general and rural settlements as particularly are highly valued. Assessment and analysis capabilities of rural areas and bottlenecks in rural development planning process is very important. In this regard purpose of this research is the investigation and analysis of the sustainability status in rural settlements of Zarrindasht County. In the research process, the theoretical foundation of sustainability assessment and the studies records were studied. According to the information available in the study area, 78 indicators of stability in five economic, social, environmental, physical, and access was determined. The statistical population of the study involved heads of rural households (7927) and experts. Among the first group, 310 questionnaires were sampled using Cochran's formula in a simple random sample of 30 sample size experts. In this study ] to analyze the quantitative data of single-sample t-test and to obtain dimensions and weight of each priority districts of fuzzy hierarchical analysis is used. The results show that the district Khosuyeh with weigh 0. 354 as the most stable district it has been found in five dimensions. District Zirab with weigh 0. 247 weak sustainability, district West Izadkhast with weigh 0. 153 in terms of metastable and also East Izadkhast with weigh 0. 072 and district Dabiran with weigh 0. 077 as the most unstable district of the city have been selected. Also, the results of one-sample t-test show that Khoshiva's district with the average of 3. 629 has the highest mean and the Dabiran district has the lowest average of 2. 516.

What brings the city to the intelligence, planning and use of electronic tools to improve the quality of citizen’ s lifety. Smart City aims to enhance the quality of urban life with emphasis of sustainable development. The idea of smart cities Considered in recent decades, but its components have not been fully recognized. Identify the components of the smart city infrastructure in urban management of Tabriz Municipality using descriptive-analytical. The first step to clarify the issue and to identify the components on the basis of literature research, 17 components were identified. Then, to prioritize the importance of these components, 10 IT professionals experts of Tabriz Municipality were questioned. Then, according to AHP model parameters were extracted. The results emphasize the importance of three categories of factors on smart city that include institutional factors, human resources and social capital and technology and information technology. In the second stage, for each category of factors and criteria, sub-criteria were identified. After completing 20 questionnaires from experts of Tabriz Municipality, each factor of sub-criteria evaluated in network analysis model. Result of model shows worth of technology with weight 147 / 0, human and social capital factors with weight 279 / 0 and management and policy, with weight 573 / 0. Sub-criteria analysis indicates the potential to become a smart city infrastructure and structural changes should be made an approach to the institutional factors. The network analysis Sub-criteria in the priority criteria relating to the institutional factors are as follows: structure of the municipality with the ideal rate 0. 12 ranked first, the legal and contractual Municipality of 0. 09 second and municipal performance in the use of specialized counselors 0. 085 ranked third. Finally, with regard to the conceptual statements based on literature research and identify the underlying factors create smart cities. In this regard, the creation of urban good governance as an important strategy in the development of smart city platform in Tabriz city is under consideration.

Industrial usage is of strategic usages, that some times due to lack of attention to their spatial conditions as inharmonic have been adjacent as incompatible usages. Observing the principles of passive defense in locating these activities is very sensitive due to its direct impact on the comfort and security of households in times of crisis; the main objective of this research is to evaluate the requirements of passive defense in adjacent industries in the metropolitan city of Ahwaz. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Theoretical data were collected through library and research projects, statistics, existing books and articles, urban plans. Field information was also collected by observation method. To analyze the data, we first use the multivariate model (FAHP) for weighting the indicators using the experts' opinionsThen the principles and criteria of neighboring criteria are extracted and identified, and using the GIS software Euclidean Distance tool, the total distance tools, the neighboring maps will be designed. After valuing and determining the weights, the results in the GIS environment were influenced by the Raster Calculator option in the layers and by applying the Overlay option using the Fuzzy overly tool with a 0. 9% gamma of the total Spatial Analyst Tools, The mapping of the layers will be combined and spatial analysis will be done. The analysis of the results shows that in very low and low areas, 51. 73% of the users are located and in the medium to very high areas, 48. 27%. The results showed that the major part of Ahwaz metropolitan area in total 13801 users are vulnerable in terms of adjacent to heavy and semi-heavy industries and are located in the radius of destruction of these industries. The most insecure area, regardless of the residential area of the region is seven, with 10 critical users, 24 sensitive users, and 13 important ones, vulnerable, in other words, the destruction of existing industries.

The increase in the use of groundwater for agricultural and industrial development accompanied by successive droughts has greatly lowered the groundwater level. This has resulted in land subsidence. In this study, using a sample of 300 farmers, the social costs and benefits of over using of groundwater in increasing damages and repairing costs of buildings because of land subsidence in Rafsanjan city was investigated. Variance analysis and regression methods were used in this regard. The results showed that because of over drafting of ground water, increasing damages and repairing costs of buildings because of land subsidence. For elimination or reduction of ground water degradation and its effects, this paper recommended to economic evaluation in addition to the social costs and benefits. Also, the results of this study can be used as a guide for developing the city of Rafsanjan.