Koomesh
Year:2021 | Volume:23 | Issue:6 (86)|Papers Count:17

Exosomes are lipid bilayer-enclosed nano-sized vesicles, which carry various biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and microRNAs. SARS-CoV-2-loaded exosomes can be entered into the susceptible host cells, and transported viral components which are associated with viral particles intercellular transmission and spread of infection. Overstimulation of the immune system followed by excessive proinflammatory cytokine production is a hallmark of COVID-19. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are a potential therapeutic option in COVID-19 due to their ability to decrease cytokine storm, improve tissue regeneration, and prevent multi-organs failure. Unraveling the exact role of exosomes underlying COVID-19 infection will be beneficial in understanding novel aspects of COVID-19 pathogenesis and therapy. This study aimed to investigate the importance of exosomes in COVID-19.

Introduction: The positive experience of life changes and the following treatment play a key role in adapting and improving breast cancer. It seems that acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) helps this issue via facilitating acceptance and clarification of values. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ACT on the benefit and adherence to treatment in breast cancer patients and survivors. Materials and Methods: The current study's design was a clinical trial including pretest-posttest and with the control group. It's performed on 52 patients and breast cancer survivors referred to the cancer patients association in Gorgan during 2020. Participants were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (patients and survivors) and two control groups (patients and survivors). The experimental groups underwent ACT for eight consecutive sessions (one 90-minute session per week), but the control groups did not receive any intervention. Data were obtained via benefit finding scale and adherence to treatment questionnaire and analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the experimental groups of patients, survivors, and control groups in variables of benefit finding and adherence to treatment' components (P<0. 05). Conclusion: According to the study results, it's recommended to use ACT to improve the benefit finding and adherence to treatment in breast cancer of patients and survivors.

Introduction: Majority of patients experience anxiety before endoscopy, which can affect their level of cooperation and endoscopy process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intervention through audiovisual clip of nature on the level of anxiety and physiological parameters of patient’, s candidate for gastric endoscopy. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 64 patients with permuted block randomization of age and sex that referred for gastric endoscopy. Initially, demographic information and a six-item Spielberger scale were completed. Then their pulse and blood pressure were measured and recorded by the same device in a sitting position. For the intervention group, a five-minute audio-video clip of nature was played by tablet and headphones, and for the control group, only routine actions were performed. In the next step, immediately after the intervention for the intervention group and after five minutes for the control group, the anxiety of the samples and pulse and blood pressure were measured and recorded again. Results: The results showed that the mean score of anxiety in the intervention group decreased from 17. 53 ±, 2 to 15. 71 ±,2 and in the control group from 17. 65 ±,1. 7 to 17. 12 ±,1. 6, which was statistically significant (P=0. 001). Also, the mean difference of pulse, in the intervention and control groups were 2. 5 ±,3. 9 and-1. 03 ±, 4. 9 (P=0. 003), systolic blood pressure in the intervention and control groups were 8. 59 ±, 13. 3 and 2. 65 ±,9. 8 (P=0. 046) and diastolic blood pressure in the intervention and control groups were was 0. 56 ±,10. 1 and-4. 78 ±,10. 1 (P=0. 040), respectively. These results indicated that intervention had a significant effect on all three parameters. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the intervention could have a significant effect on anxiety and physiological parameters. Therefore, the use of nature audio-video clips can be considered as a measure to reduce the anxiety before gastric endocopy procedure.

Introduction: Anxiety is one of the most common problems of patients undergoing coronary angiography, which can significantly affect the process of performing this diagnostic test. One of the most important tasks of nurses is patient education. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of video education on the level of anxiety of patients under coronary angiography. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed at the heart Hospital of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2019-2020 (Iran). The sampling method was available based on the inclusion criteria, with random allocation in two groups of test and control (61 people in each group). Data collection was performed with the standard Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed the day before angiography. Then, the educational video was shown for the intervention group. The control group received only routine hospital education. The anxiety questionnaire was completed again. Results: The results showed that the mean score of patients' anxiety decreased after the intervention in the video education group compared to the control group (P=0. 0001). Also, there is a significant statistical relationship between the mean score of anxiety before and after the intervention with the educational video, so that after training, the anxiety score increased from 43. 03±, 7. 59 to 35. 06±, 7. 07 (P=0. 0001). Conclusion: Findings showed that video education as a complementary method reduced patient anxiety. Since one of the most important roles of nurses is patient education, it is recommended to pay special attention to providing video education as a complementary method for oral education.

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in the world and is prevalent in Muslim countries despite sufficient sunlight. Vitamin D deficiency disrupts mitochondrial function and enhances oxidative stress and leads to common diseases such as metabolic disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on oxidative stress factors in students. Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized double-blind clinical trial. University students were randomly divided into two groups of control and treatment with a sample size of 26 and 25 in each group, respectively. Students received two pearls of 50, 000 unit vitamin D or placebo at time zero and after 4 weeks. Before the beginning of the study and after 8 weeks, oxidative stress biomarkers including the total antioxidant capacity of plasma and lipid peroxidation were measured in the blood samples. Results: At the beginning of the study, there was no significant difference between the treatment group and placebo in the mean of vitamin D, but after the administration of vitamin D, this difference became significant. Vitamin D significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity (P=0. 019) and decreased the lipid peroxidation (P=0. 004) compared with the placebo group. Conclusion: The results of this study show the effect of monthly administration of 50, 000 units of vitamin D on reducing oxidative stress in students.

Introduction: Previous researches show that there is a meaningful relationship between forward head posture and dysfunction of proprioception. The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate, late and last effect of kinesio taping (KT) and stabilization exercise (SE) on neck proprioception in people with forward head posture. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, forty three women with forward head posture (18-35 years old) were randomly assigned into 3 groups: KT group (n=15), SE group (n=12), KT with SE group (n=16). Joint repositioning error angle changes were measured in three positions: neutral to full neck flexion, neutral to 50% of full flexion, 50% of full flexion to neutral position through a digital dual inclinometer in four sessions including: first session (pre-intervention), second session (immediately after intervention), third session (end of 4 weeks intervention) and fourth session (one month after the last intervention to evaluate the persistency of intervention). In the KT group, kinesiotape was used 3 times a week, in the SE group, stabilization exercises administered 3 times a day, and in the KT + SE the intervention was the same as the two groups. The intervention was performed for 4 weeks. Persistency of the treatment was evaluated one month after the intervention. Results: the results of ANOVA test showed no significant difference between the three intervention groups (P>0. 05). In the within-group study, a significant difference was observed in the repositioning error angle changes before and one month after the intervention (P<0. 05). But no significant difference was observed in the study of the immediate effect of the intervention (P>0. 05). Conclusion: It seems that KT, SE, and KT plus SE are effective in reducing repositioning error angle of neck and improving proprioception in people with forward head posture.

Introduction: Lateral epicondylitis (LE) is one of the most common causes of pain in the elbow. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dry needling (DN) of wrist extensor muscles along with Mulligan mobilization (MM) technique on extensor muscle tendon thickness, pain and upper limb function in patients with LE. Materials and Methods: 39 patients with LE participated in this double-blinded clinical trial study and were randomly divided into one of three groups: first intervention (DN), second intervention (DN with MM) and control. In first intervention group, DN was inserted in the trigger point(s) of the target muscles during 3 sessions of treatment, every other day. In second intervention group, in addition to DN, MM technique was performed. Control group didn’, t receive any intervention. Pain intensity, function level, grip strength, and tendon thickness of extensor muscles were assessed in three stages before treatment, 24 hours after last session, and ten days after the end of sessions. Results: The results showed that all variables in the DN group and DN with MM had a significant improvement compared to the control group. Function and VAS scores in the DN with MM group showed a more significant difference than in the DN alone, but the differences in tendon thickness between the two groups were not significant. Conclusion: Dry needling with Mulligan mobilization can produce further improvement in grip strength, function and pain level in patients with LE. DN is sufficient to improve the thickness of the extensor muscle tendon.

Introduction: Increase in enamel surface roughness after bleaching is one of its major side effects. The purpose of this study is to compare changes in enamel surface roughness following bleaching with home versus office bleaching agents. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, forty human sound premolar teeth were divided into 4 groups, randomly. Ten teeth were bleached using hydrogen peroxide 15% home bleaching, ten teeth with 15% peroxide carbamide home-bleaching and ten teeth with %40 hydrogen peroxide (office bleaching) according to the instructions. Ten teeth were also considered as control group and kept in artificial saliva. Enamel surface roughness of each specimen was determined before and after bleaching using Atomic Force Microscopy. Results: All three studied agents significantly increased surface roughness (P<0. 01). The average increase in surface roughness in group hydrogen peroxide 40% was significantly greater than that of group hydrogen peroxide 15%, carbamide peroxide 15% and control (P<0. 05) The average increase in surface roughness in group hydrogen peroxide 15% was also significantly higher than the control group (P<0. 03) however, it showed no significant difference with carbamide peroxide 15% (P>0. 05). Increase in average surface roughness between the carbamide peroxide 15% and control revealed no significant difference (P>0. 05). Conclusion: Due to the lesser increase in surface roughness with carbamide peroxide 15%, it would be suggested as the choice agent for bleaching.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women. According to estimates in 2018, the most frequency of cancer in Iranian women was related to breast cancer with 13776 (12. 5%) new cases. Metastasis is a complication of this disease that occurs in 1%-5% of patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hormone receptors and Her-2 status on metastasis status in patients with breast cancer using logistic regression. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, medical records of 165 breast cancer patients referred to the Ahvaz Shafa Diagnostic and Treatment Center who underwent surgery during 2006-2014 was recorded. Multinomial logistic regression model was applied to identify the related factors to the metastasis status. Results: In the studied patients, 35. 2% (58 patients) experienced metastasis. In multinomial logistic model, Her-2 status (P = 0. 026) and lymph node involvement (P <0. 001) were significant. The odds of metastasis in ER-positive individuals was 2. 24 times that of ER-negative individuals (AOR=2. 24,CI95%: (0. 955-5. 275)). Also, the odds of metastasis in patients with lymph node involvement was 5. 40 times that of patients without involvement (AOR=5. 407,CI95%: (2. 180-13. 414)). This odds in people with Her-2-positive status was 2. 35 times than in those with Her-2negative status (AOR=0. 438,CI95%: (1. 109-4. 999)). Conclusion: In this study, Her-2-positive status and lymph node involvement were identified as factors associated with metastasis. Early detection of these factors can lead to greater survival of breast cancer patients.

Introduction: Gynecological cancer is an unfortunate event for women. Due to cultural and social constraints, there is not enough information about the problems of these women. So, the aim of this study is explaining the experience of the challenges in women with gynecological cancer. Materials and Methods: This qualitative content analysis approach study, with a content analysis approach and with using purposive sampling, was done on 16 women with gynecological cancer who referred to three medical centers in Mashhad city. Data were analyzed by conventional content analysis method. Guba and Lincoln criteria were used to confirm the accuracy of the data. Results: The age range for participants in this study was 35-62 years of age. By analyzing the data, three categories were obtained: 1) Concerns about losing their position in marital life (forcing to stop sexual intercourse, increasing the burden of life on the spouse and reducing the patient's presence in marital life) 2) Effect of the disease on sexual relations (deterioration of intimacy, unpleasant experiences during sexual intercourse and the occurrence of gradual sexual frigidity) and 3) Concerns about the possibility of divorce and separation (being out of favor with husband and marital conflicts). Conclusion: Women with gynecological cancer face many challenges. It is necessary to inform nurses and physicians about this issue, in order to increasing their understanding of these women's problems. Also, conducting educational classes and counseling sessions along with medical treatment for patients, can play an important role in promoting the health of these women in various dimensions.

Introduction: Despite numerous treatments, head lice are still a health problem, especially in female students. In this study, the effect of topical application of Allium Sativum and Mentha Pulegium on the severity of head lice infection has been investigated. Materials and Methods: A multi-stage randomized clinical trial study was performed on 120 female primary and secondary school students with head lice in Gonabad. After obtaining written consent from parents and oral consent from students, a demographic questionnaire and a checklist were completed. One group was given a decoction Allium Sativum and Mentha Pulegium and the other group was given 4% dimethicone lotion twice a week. Evaluation was made before, 7 days and 14 days after the intervention. Results: The severity of lice infection during the interventions in both groups decreased significantly (P=0. 001), but the frequency of severity of infection before, 7 days after and 14 days after intervention was not statistically significant in the two groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that both Allium Sativum and Mentha Pulegium can be used for the treatment of head lice infection.

Introduction: Smoking among adolescents is a matter of concern that has attracted the attention of many officials and experts in various fields such as health-care, psychology, and sociology. This study was conducted in 2019 to evaluate the status of smoking in students at the individual and familial levels. Materials and Methods: This study was performed based on the analysis of the results of the first phase of the PAD project (Tobacco Use Prevention in Schools) which is being carried out by cohort method in the city of Varamin (Tehran province) and four phases on male and female students. In the first phase, 920 students were selected through the stratified sampling method. The data collection instrument in this study was a localized version of a questionnaire of the World Health Organization. Questionnaire questions were scored on a Likert scale (1 to 5). The validity of the questionnaire was determined using the opinion of experts as well as calculating the content validity index and content validity ratio index. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha (0. 703). Results: The frequency of hookah and cigarette use was23. 6% and6. 9%, respectively. Also, 55. 4% of students smoked in places such as parks, cafes, and coffee shops and 49. 7% reported curiosity as the most important reason for tobacco consumption. Also, 21. 2% and35. 1%of their close friends consumed cigarettes and hookah, respectively. The frequency of hookah and cigarette smoking in their consanguineous and affinal relatives was 51% and 45. 8%, respectively. Awareness of second-hand smoke was poor in these students Conclusion: The social ugliness of cigarette smoking among students and those around them was more than hookah use so that hookah uses among students, their close friends, and their relatives was more than cigarette use. Indeed, hookah use has often become a norm among students and their relatives.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the radiation protective effect of daily oral consumption (for one week/one month) and single oral dose of green tea extract against gamma irradiation in mice. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 60 adult male Balb/c mice weighing 25 to 30 gr in 6 equal groups. These groups include control, only irradiated, daily consumption of 200 mg/kg of green tea extract for one week and without irradiation, irradiated group after consumption of 200 mg/kg extract for one week, irradiation after 200 mg/kg oral consumption of green tea extract for one month, and irradiation 2 hours after eating 800 mg/kg of green tea extract. Results: The results demonstrated that the oral consumption of green tea extract before irradiation significantly decreased MnPCE (51% decrease, P<0. 0001) and MnNCE (28% decrease, P<0. 05), and increased PCE/PCE + NCE ratio (12% increase, P<0. 0001) compared to the only-irradiated group. The percentage of DNA in tail and apoptotic comets decreased significantly with consuming green tea extract (continues or single dose) (P<0. 001). Conclusion: Oral consumption of green tea extract in both single and continuous doses had radiation protection significantly, and these effects were more in the case of continuous consumption than single consumption.

Introduction: Diazinon is used as an organophosphate pesticide in agriculture. Studies showed that a lot of organophosphates can produce free radicals and disrupt antioxidant system. Resveratrol as an antioxidant can reduce oxidative stress in kidney tissue. The study aimed to investigate the protective role of resveratrol on oxidative stress induced by sub-acute diazinon exposure in kidney tissue of rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, diazinon (70 mg/kg), diazinon (70 mg/kg) + resveratrol (5 mg/kg), diazinon (70 mg/kg) + resveratrol (10 mg/kg) groups. The treatments were administered by gavage daily for four weeks. Urine samples were collected 24 hours after the last dose. The rats were anesthetized with ether and 3 mL of blood samples was taken from animals. Diazinon level in urine was measured using HPLC. The serum level of creatinine, urea, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant activity (TAC) were evaluated by biochemical methods. Results: The results showed that the diazinon level in the diazinon group was significantly higher than that of the diazinon (70 mg/kg) + resveratrol group (5 and 10 mg/kg) (P<0. 05). In addition to the protein levels of urine, serum levels of urea, creatinine, MDA and TAC in the diazinon group were significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0. 05). Resveratrol improved these changes. Conclusion: Our findings implied that resveratrol improves the antioxidant status of the body against diazinon toxicity, so it can improve renal function in the face of diazinon.

Introduction: Epilobium parviflorum, the willow-herb, extracts contain strong antioxidant compounds and inhibit few types of cancer cell. This study investigates for the first time the effect of its extracts on the growth of human liver cells HepG2, also under oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract of roots, shoots and flowers was prepared separately. Cell viability was assessed by MTT method after 48 hours of treatments with extracts and then with or without hydrogen peroxide treatment. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts as well as the activities of transaminases, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidase were measured in the treated cells. Results: None of the extracts showed cytotoxicty against HepG2 cells, nevertheless cell viability in treatment with aerial and root extracts was significantly increased (P<0. 05). In the oxidative stress model, the survival of cells pretreated with extracts, especially methanolic extracts of aerial parts, increased significantly (P<0. 05). Pretreatment with this extract in cells under oxidative stress decreased the concentration of MDA and the activity of intracellular ALT and AST enzymes and also increased the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme compared to the control. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was comparable to that of Trolux. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Epilobium parviflorum showed no cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells and probably protect human liver cells against oxidative stress. It can be a valuable suggestion for preventing liver damages.

Introduction: Peripheral nerve damage is a clinical problem that causes sensory and motor disabilities. Sesamol is an antioxidant that can be effective in repairing various organs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of sesamol on inflammation and pain in the damaged rat sciatic nerve. Materials and Methods: In this study, 35 adult male Wistar rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into five groups: The sham group without crush injury, the control group and three experimental groups respectively received DMSO (solvent) and doses of 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg sesamol intraperitoneally for 28 days after sciatic nerve injury. Then behavioral pain tests including mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia as well as inflammatory factors including interleukins 6 and 10 in the sciatic nerve were evaluated. Results: The results showed that administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg of sesamol significantly decreased expression of interleukin 6, and increased expression of interleukin 10, the retraction threshold in the mechanical allodynia test and the response time to thermal pain in the thermal hyperalgesia test in the damaged sciatic nerve than the control group (P<0. 05). While administration of 200 mg/kg sesamol had no significant effect. Conclusion: Administration of 50 and 100 mg/kg sesamol may reduce inflammation and pain in the rat damaged sciatic nerve which may help improve the nerve repair process.

Introduction: The effects of stimulation and inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the dorsal hippocampus on spatial learning and memory in male NMRI mice after acute stress were investigated. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into two subsets of stress and non-stress. Each subset consisted of: saline, atropine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist) (1, 5, and 10 µ, g/mouse), and pilocarpine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist) (1, 5, and 10 µ, g / mouse) groups. In the stress subset, the animals received an electro foot shock 5 minutes before each drug or saline injections. One day after drug injection with or without stress (respectively), the animals' spatial learning and memory were tested in the Barnes maze. In this study, the time and distance traveled to reach the target chamber, and the number of errors in reaching the target chamber were studied as variables of spatial learning and memory. Results: The time of arrival and the distance traveled to reach the target hole was reduced in the stress group. The number of errors in these animals was also lower. Atropine (1, 5, and 10 μ, g / mouse) inhibited the improving effect of acute stress on spatial memory, but pilocarpine (1, 5, and 10 μ, g / mouse) improved the stress effect. Atropine (1, 5 and 10 µ, g/mice) in non-stressed animals only had memory impacts in the first and second days, but pilocarpine (1, 5 and 10 µ, / mice) in non-stressed animals improved the spatial memory. Conclusion: Acute stress enhanced spatial learning and memory in mice. Considering the effectiveness of atropine and pilocarpine in inhibiting or enhancing the effects of stress (respectively), it seems that the effect of acute stress on improving spatial learning and memory, at least in part, might be mediated through the activation of cholinergic muscarinic in the dorsal hippocampus.