JOURNAL OF MODERN CRITICAL ARABIC LITERATURE
Year:2013 | Volume:3 | Issue:4 (6)|Papers Count:7

Ahmad Showghi (1868- 1932), known as Amir-al-shoara, is one of the most famous poets in contemporary Arabic Literature and has presented great works of poetry. He has emphatically paid great attention to domestic and notional issues as well as amendment and honor of Islam. The poet has tried creativity and novelty and taken advantage of Fable, i.e. telling the story by using animal and bird language. Using this technique, the poet depicts the real life of the people through using a special bird as the symbol of life in order to improve the didactic, social, and political aspects. Therefore, after introduction, we have tried to symbolically investigate those birds, such as pigeon, crow, and rooster, which are of importance in Showghi's poetry. Then, we have analyzed the stories of each bird from a didactic, social, and political aspect. The findings indicate that Showghi has used the aforementioned birds in different symbolic aspects which are compatible with those of the literature and culture. From another point of view, Educating children, having wisdom, downgrading the treason, having magnanimity, ignoring the claims of colonizers on reforms, having national awareness as well as freedom and independence are the most important didactic, social, and political foregrounded aspects in Showghi's fables.

The committed Palestinian poet, Mahmoud Darwish is one of the pioneers in resistance poetry of Palestine. His poems have been dedicated to the dreams of Palestine. He has been depicting pains and wishes of his fellow citizens. The unfortunate status of Palestinian wanderers in camps and Arab countries has been one of the basic concepts in his poetry. He has devoted a large amount of his work to such a concept. Indeed, his poems mirror the feelings of the oppressed Palestinians. He, as an outspoken poet, has spoken for these pains. To take over this mission, Darwish has tried to take advantage of all the features in Arabic poetry, especially the heritage. Darwish, the patriot, has been upset about the very depravity from which his fellows suffered. However, he is not pessimistic and gloomy in his poems. Those pains and grieves empowered him to resist and challenge. Since Darwish's poetry, as the beating pulse of the resistance literature, reflects the pains and whishes of his contemporary fellows, this study aims to analyze the reflections of the pains and wishes of Palestinian wanderers descriptively.

The theme of the poem possesses a special and particular quality not only because of its innate features such as emotion and imagination but also because of the subconscious nature of poetry. Theme is present in all poems and is hardly ever changing. Due to evolution of some attitudes and consequently developing particular schools, different concepts are imposed on the skeleton of the poem. However, these concepts were of little relation. From another viewpoint, the relationship between a poem and minorities in a society has influenced the function of the poem. These factors hinder us to impose some preselected dos and don'ts on the poet. Poetry has its own aims and it can not be considered as a tool to reach some other goals which are in conflict with the context of the poetry. Disregarding the them of the poems leads to creating a text without any internal poetic feature.

This study aims to take a glance at the poets who have tried to strengthen the Islamic unity among Muslims through their poems. During recent years, in concordance with Conferences on Islamic Unity, held in different parts of the Islamic World, whose aims were to find out the barriers and solutions for flourishing the Islamic unity, Arab poets and the literati as well as scholars and other Muslims have tried to awaken people to the goals and programs of the colonizers, i.e. sowing dissension among people. They have also tried to invite people to Islamic unity. Arab poets have mostly focused on the ethnic-Arabic unity in their poems and have ignored the Islamic Unity to some extent. Hence, those poets who have poems on Islamic unity are a few. These poems have foregrounded such unifying concepts as avoiding sedition, paying attention to Islam and Quran, and ignoring ethnic bias.

Allegory is a comprehensive notion in rhetoric and is mainly reflected in didactic literacy framework to raise consciousness about ethical, social, and political notions. Fable, as one of the most well- known types of allegory, is a story about animals in which each of those animals are indicative of a particular part of the society and have special behavioral and moral characteristics which help the writer characterizing the story and reaching his goals. Fable is one of the most widely-used concepts in the poems of Ahmad Matar, a critical poet of Arab world. The poet has been successful in transferring his political and social opinions through use of such fables skillfully. He has played a crucial role in awakening the public awareness. This study thoroughly analyzes the symbols and characters of his stories and investigates their social and political implications. Then, artistic aspects of the stories and its numerous approaches are discussed. It is shown that the poet has depicted the feeling and the attitudes of the main characters well through using this technique. In a narrative approach, the stories are concise and descriptive and dialogue has its own special place. Regarding the artistic aspect, the poet in these stories has benefited from all types of abnormalization, deharmonization, defamiliarization, etc. as well as characterization.

This study is an attempt to analyze one of the most well-known novels of QassanKanafani- a Palestinian outstanding writer- i.e. "Ma Tabaqal.akom" based on Susan Fergusson's idea regarding impressionistic features of fiction. First, based on Fergusson's idea, an introduction is put forth on the impressionism and its reflection in fiction. Then, the impressionistic features of the novel are discussed from a descriptive-analytical approach. It is also argued that this novel, as an impressionistic work of art, includes features such as plot, non-plot, metaphoric plot, discontinuity of time, and fragmented narration. The writer, the same as an impressionistic painter, has portrayed the characters' instant impressions of reality.

Semiology is a knowledge which deals with linguistic signs which are composed of two parts: phoneme (signifier) and meaning (signified). In other words, it includes phonemic form and intellectual form are called signifier and signified. This study aims to analyze "The Last Words of Spartacus" which is a poet written by AmalDonghol (1940- 1983), a contemporary Egyptian poet, and deal with criticizing this kind of poetry from horizontal and vertical aspects of semiology. It is inferred that the poet, hiding himself in the guise of Spartacus, stimulate all who have been oppressed to riot, revolutionize, and resist. Moreover, an obvious contradiction is flowed all over the poem, a contrast between what is presented and what is reality in real life. The poem is full of various indications and meanings which can be paraphrased in different ways.