PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT SCIENCE QUARTERLY (PESSQ)
Year:2010 | Volume:1 | Issue:1|Papers Count:13

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the number one killer of adults in the Iran. Fibrinogen is CAD risk factor that participation in both the atherogenic and thrombogenic processes. Also playing a role in thrombosis and atherogenesis is Homocysteine, as a risk factor for CAD.Long-term exercise training and physical activity favorably modified several of the conventional CAD risk factors. No such association has been consistently shown between regular physical activity and exercise training with fibrinogen and homocysteine concentrations and the effects of physical activity and exercises training on fibrinogen and homocysteine were not clear. This study aimed to clarify whether long-term aerobic exercise training and physical activity reduced fibrinogen and homocysteine levels in men.This cross-sectional study involved 45 voluntary participants that divided into three groups of 15 each, as follows: active, sedentary, and CAD group. Fasting whole blood samples were collected from the left antecubital vein after 9-12 hours of fasting.The serum concentrations of fibrinogen were measured using the chronometric method. Enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum concentrations of homocysteine by Biomerio fully automated analyzer. Between-group comparisons of estimated VO2max, homocysteine, and fibrinogen were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD Post Hoc test. Significant levels for all tests were set at p≤0.05. No significant between-group differences were found in the serum concentrations of homocysteine [F (2, 42) =0.107, p=0.898] and the serum concentrations of fibrinogen [F (2, 42) = 0.468, p=0.630]. Significant differences of estimated VO2max were found between active and sedentary groups (p≤0.001), and active and CAD groups (p≤0.001). The results indicated that exercise training and physical activity does not have any desirable effects on the serum levels of homocysteine and fibrinogen. Hence, more studies are needed to clarify the effects of physical activity and exercise training on homocysteine and fibrinogen levels. More studies are required to clarify the optimal intensity, duration, and type of exercise to favorably modify these risk factors of CAD.

Organizational citizenship behavior is defined as completely voluntary behaviors which staffs conducted them beyond their vocation and task expectations and organizational justice is served as how to deal with staff so that they can feel fair action including understanding of justice in payments and equality in organizational procedures and intra-personal behaviors in organization. The principle goal to conduct present research is to determine relationship between organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior and their aspects among Tehran physical education teachers. Research community statistical samples were including 1275 people from which 305 ones were selected randomly. Research was conducted in description and correlational manner. In order to data collection, organizational justice standard questionnaire of Niehoff and Moorman1993 and organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire of Organ1988 were used which questionnaire consistency obtained about 0.75 and 0.78 respectively by Cronbach’s alpha.Findings showed that there is a significant and positive correlation between organizational justice understanding and organizational citizenship behavior (p<0.01, r=0.182). Results of regression analysis indicated that interactional and procedural justice dimensions perform as organizational behavior predictors (p<0.01, r=0.263 & r=0.151).

Objective: The effect of protein supplementation on athletic performance and hormonal changes was examined in 32 experienced collegiate strength/power athletes participating in a 12-week resistance training program.Method: Subjects were randomly assigned to either a protein supplement (PR; n=22) or a placebo (PL; n=10) group. During each testing session subjects were assessed for strength (one repetition maximum [1-RM] bench press and squat), power (Wingate anaerobic power test) and body composition. Resting blood samples were analyzed at weeks 0 (PRE), 6 (MID) and 12 (POST) for total testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, and IGF-1.Result: There was seen no difference in energy intake between PR and PL (3034 ± 209 kcal and 3130 ± 266 kcal, respectively), but a significant difference in daily protein intake was seen between PR (2.00 g·kg body mass [BM] -1·d-1) and PL (1.24 g·kgBM-1·d-1). A greater change (p< 0.05) in the D1-RM squat was seen in PR (23.5 ± 13.6 kg) compared to PL (9.1 ± 11.9 kg). No other significant strength or power differences were seen between the groups. Cortisol concentrations were significantly lower at MID for PL and this difference was significantly different than PR. No significant changes were noted in resting growth hormone or IGF-1 concentrations in either group.Conclusion: Although protein supplementation appeared to augment lower body strength development, similar upper body strength, anaerobic power and lean tissue changes do not provide clear evidence supporting the efficacy of a 12- week protein supplementation period in experienced resistance trained athletes.

One of the factors influencing the athletes’ performance in critical situations is their awareness of the strategies entailing mental skills. One such skill is self-talk that has been identified as an effective mental training tool in controlling human beings’ behaviors. This study aims to examine the perceived positive and negative effects of self-talk on the athletes’ performance. Data were collected through survey questionnaire from a group of Iranian elite football players qualified for national football team. The players’ responses were thematically analyzed for both positive and negative effects of ST in different occasions around official football competitions. The analysis indicated the perceived effects could be characterized at two levels: mental and behavioural. Most important positive effects of ST at mental level included its cognitive benefits such as enhancing focus and attention, promote decision making skills and decreasing reaction time. Mental level benefits also comprised emotional effects of ST such as motivating players to increase efforts, coping with difficult situations, and decreasing anxiety and psyching up.Emotional effects had negative aspects too. Weakening confidence by self-criticism, and dwelling on negative thoughts and increased stress were among negative effects. At behavioral level, ST was perceived to benefit execution of tasks by increased attentional focus and creating an awareness of the negative consequences of certain behaviors thereby benefiting the overall performance of the individuals and that of the team. Implications for football players and team managers have been discussed.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between blood buffer capacity and aerobic power (Vo2max) with ability to perform high intensity intermittent activities in young football players.Methods: 27 male football players (age 17.66 ±0.49 years) selected as subjects. Blood samples were collected before and after the yoyo intermittent test. Then, after 48 hours, the Bruce treadmill test was performed for measuring Vo2max. The Pearson coefficient correlation was used for analyzing data.Results: A significant relationship was found between H+, Hco3 -, BE and ability to perform high intensity intermittent activities (r=0.609, p=0.001; r=-0.381, p=0.050; r=-0.401, p=0.038), a significant relationship between Vo2max and ability to perform high intensity intermittent activities (r=0.761, p=0.000) and no significant relationship between Pco2 and ability to perform high intensity intermittent activities (r=-0.130, p=0.517).Conclusion: Results indicate that blood buffer capacity and Vo2max are effective factors in the performance of intermittent activities in football players.

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to analyse the effect of flat pyramid loading pattern (FPLP) weight training on salivary steroids levels in strength training athletes.Methods: Eleven elite male weightlifters trained six days per week for one month. Five millilitres of unstipulated whole saliva was obtained pre- and five minutes post-exercise at days first, 15th, and 30th.Results: Resting and post exercise concentrations of testosterone and cortisol, and the free testosterone to cortisol ratio (FTCR) significantly changed during the training month with higher concentrations of testosterone and cortisol being observed at day 30th.Discussion: It would appear that testosterone and cortisol respond positively and similarly to increasing resistance training load. Conclusions: Our study medicated that the responses of these hormones to exercise depend on volume and intensity of exercise.