PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT SCIENCE QUARTERLY (PESSQ)
Year:2010 | Volume:2 | Issue:8|Papers Count:8

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the differences in motives among 220 students of Islamic Azad Universities Distinct 3 for participation in physical activities. Motives to physical activity participation is assessed using an adapted version of the Sport Participation Motivation Inventory. The result showed that there were significant differences in motives toward sport participation for the motive sub-scale of achievement/status between mean motives scores of male and female. Significant results were also obtained for motives toward sport participation between students that were involved in physical activity at different levels of involvement (no representation, school level, district level, state level & national level). Similar significant results were found for students with different number of years of involvement (no participation, less than 1 year, 1-2 years, 3-4 years, 5 years and above). However no significant differences were found in the motives toward sport participation between age groups in any of the eight motive factors (Skill development, fun, achievement/ status, competition/ competence, friendship, energy release, fitness and situational factors).

Although treatment and prevention of obesity is possible with nutrition control but the exercise is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the effect 6 weeks training and 6 weeks detraining on anthropometrical factors in non-athletes' females. The statistic population of the study includes non-athletes females' university of Guilan. Thirty five females student were divided into three over weight (n=10, 25<BMI<33), optimal weight (n=12, 18<BMI<24) and control (n=13, 18<BMI<30) groups. subjects' training in experimental group was 3 days per week for 6 weeks: Each session of training consist of 10 min warm up, 20 min cycling on cycle ergo meter with 60-70% HRRmax and 10 min cool down. Than subjects was asked to be detrained for 6 weeks. Before and after training and detraining period the anthropometrical factors were measured, data was analyzed whit using t-test and one way ANOVA tests. The result of this study showed that after 6 weeks aerobic training ‚ there was a significant weight decrease in optimal weight group ‚ also in overweight group W, BF%‚ WHR and BMI were reduced significantly (p<0.05). After comparing the mean deference changes between groups ‚ it was observed that there was a significant difference between control group and over overweight group in W‚ BF% and WHR between experimental and control group (p<0.05).After detraining there was no significant change in groups. After Comparison the mean deference changes between groups‚ it was observed that there was not a significant difference between groups in W, BF%‚ WHR, LBM, and BMI. It can be concluded that the effect of aerobic training on anthropometrical factors in overweight group was clearer than optimal group. Previous research indicated that the main substrate for energy expenditure in over weight's individual in rest is fat oxidation. Because the obsess people have more BF%, so energy expenditure in overweight group is larger than in optimal groups. However the result of this study showed that detraining has same effect in individual with different weight to.

Delayed onset muscle soreness usually occurs after doing a new unusual physical activity, especially when, associated with repeated eccentric contraction and then it gradually disappear. There is not an extensive agreement in the case of treatment methods of soreness sings quick reduction. This research with the aim of reviewing the effects of caffeine in 5 stage (24h before exercise, 12h before, immediately before exercise, after exercise and 12h after it) and 1mg per 1kg of body weight on reduction of some Signs due to delayed onset muscle soreness, studied 16 female volleyball player with the mean age of 22±2.5 years old in two caffeine and control groups. Amount of perceived pain, certain kinas enzyme, and maximum isometric strength evaluated and compared in 2 groups. The results showed that caffeine is relatively effective in decreasing amount of perceived pain, certain kinas enzyme, and maximum isometric strength in caffeine than control group 24h after damage (p=0.0001 in all of stages). So suggested athlete's use of this way for decreasing the signs of delayed onset muscle soreness after the acute activity.

The purpose of this research was to study the relationship between situational leadership styles and power bases of sport managers from the viewpoint of their employees in Guilan. The statistical and sample population consisted of all 154 male and female employees in Guilan sport offices. Demographic, Situational Leadership Styles and Bases of Power Questionnaires were used in this study. The reliability and validity of these instruments were confirmed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for test hypotheses (P£0.05). The results of this study showed that selling (S2) was a dominant leadership style and then telling (S1), participating (S3) and delegating (S4) leadership styles ranked respectively. Also the findings showed that legitimacy was a dominant base of power and then expert, coercive, reward and referent powers ranked respectively. The results also showed that bases of power may predict situational leadership style in physical education managers. So that, reward power may predict participating manager's leadership style and coercive and referent powers may predict delegating manager's leadership styles. Also, selling manager's leadership style may be predicted by coercive power.

Aging, as one of the important effective factors in recreational sport participation was examined in this research. In addition to Aging, recognizing women leisure constraints was in the center of attention. the questionnaire utilized in this research was prepared by the researcher. the sample was 1200 tehrani women whom were chosen using clustering sampling methods. results of this research showed that getting old doesn't stop women from participating in sport activities and the only effect is on frequency of their participation in sport activities. The most effective constraints among women were the dirtiness of sport equipments, participation costs and health situation and the less important factors were the presence of spectators and men.

The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between perceived leadership behaviors of coaches and athlete's satisfaction, which was carried out by a descriptive field method. The statistical population of this study comprised the entire Women's Basketball League players. The community and the sample population were the same. In order to collect information via demographic questionnaires, Leadership Scale for Sport (LSS) and Athlete's Satisfaction Questionnaire (ASQ) were used. Descriptive methods were used to analyze the data and in order to determine the relationship a multiple variable regression was used. Data analysis results showed that there is a significant relationship between the leadership behaviors of coaches and the player's satisfaction. Also, the findings showed that there is a significant positive relationship between leadership behaviors of positive feedback, training and instruction on the one hand, and the athlete's satisfaction, on the other. But, there was no correlation between the behaviors of social support, democratic and authoritarian types of leadership on the one hand and the satisfaction of the players, on the other.

The probable relationship between personality and sport always has been the centre of researcher's attentions, These questions, First, what the difference between people in different level dexterity and physical fitness about personality characteristics is and second, What personality characteristics athletes who are facing to different sport have, have been the most important questions which researchers are interested in. The purpose of this study is to compare personality characteristics between Iranian young and adult male elite judo players and non-athlete. To this purpose, 11 young elite judo players (X=18.2, SD=1.1), 19 adult elite judo players (X=26.8, SD=1.2), 16 young non-athletes (X=18.3, SD=1.3) and 16 adult non-athletes (X=24.9, SD=1.1) were voluntarily participated in research and completed Eysenk personality questionnaire The result showed that there is meaningful statistical difference of personality characteristics between elite judo players as an indicator of athletes and non-athletes in extroversion variable in young and adult and different subgroups The studied athletes showed more extroversion than non-athletes in all the subgroups but there are not meaningful statistical differences between personality characteristics of young and adult elite athletes with different sport antecedent, level of education and level of elite ness.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was the effect of whole body vibration as a warm up tool on anerobic performace indexes and flexibility in unactive men. The participants were 12 untrained healthy male. Methodology: The study was conducted in two days with time interval of one week In the first day, 15 min active warm up, Then, several tests was carried out, sit and reach, vertical jump and Wingate Test of 30s, for assessing anaerobic peak power, average power, minimum power and fatigue index percentage. In the second day, participants use the vibration with frequency 30 HZ and amplitude 10 mm for 15 min, then the tests of sit and reach, vertical jump and Wingate Test of 30s was implemented. A Students paired t-test was used to compare the statistical differences in active warm up and WBV. Differences among means were considered statistically significant by the criterion of probability value£0.05.Results: Results was shown that WBV resulted in significant increases in flexibility, vertical jump, anaerobic peak power and anaerobic mean power, but no significant increases in anaerobic minimum power and fatigue index performance indexes in inactive men. Discussion and Conclusion: On the basis of these results we conclude that WBV is an effective tool for optimizing subsequent muscular anaerobic performance. there for WBV lead to increasing in muscular performance because vibration may elicit excitatory flow through short spindle – motoneurons connections in the overall motoneuron inflow.