Iranian Journal of Trade Studies
Year:2021 | Volume:25 | Issue:98|Papers Count:10

Nowadays, continuous environmental changes and the breadth of competition have made sustainability in this turbulent environment crucial for executives. Research has shown that the success of organizations in this regard is not limited to tangible factors, but intangible factors such as professional ethics have a significant impact on the sustainable performance of business enterprises. In this regard, the present study has studied the effect of professional ethics on sustainable performance in two qualitative and quantitative studies (mixed-dual phase series). Accordingly, using the content analysis research project and the study of theoretical foundations and the view of 8 experts in the field of management and ethics, dimensions and indicators of professional ethics were explained using MAXQDA software, then, by distributing a questionnaire among 163 Managers and supervisors of small and medium-sized enterprises producing food products in Tehran, the conceptual model of research was fitted and tested using structural equation modeling and Smart PLS 2 software. Accordingly, by categorizing professional ethics indicators in two dimensions: individual and organizational, it was determined that all the hypotheses based on the effect of each individual and organizational dimension of professional ethics on each dimension of performance Sustainability (environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability) was confirmed at a significant level of 95%.

Entrepreneurship in small and medium-sized industries has always been of great importance, as it will play a key role in the employment of a country as well as boost economic growth and increase GDP. The purpose of the present study is to examine the factors that can make entrepreneurship successful in small and medium-sized industries and to suggest a way for industrial entrepreneurs to become more aware of this important economic field. This research is a case study of industrial entrepreneurs in Iran who obtained initial permission to establish a factory (establishment permit) between 2011 and 2014 and some of them managed to exploit the factory (%100 physical progress) And some others have failed. The raw data of 4580 cases of investor licenses were examined. In order to determine existing and determinant patterns of entrepreneurship success, using data mining concepts. The information is pre-processed for subsequent analyzes and by reducing some of the variables that had less impact on the results. Finally through specialized analyzes using neural networks, Multilayer perceptron, Rough set algorithm and decision tree, best rules were extracted and the results were analyzed in detail. Based on the results, factors such as Industrial background, education related to the industry, and being native entrepreneur can play an important role in the success of this entrepreneurship.

The present study aimed to explore Factors affecting development a distribution channel performance for companies manufacturing and importing fast moving consumer goods in Iran. During the model development phase, the literature on the distribution channel of the fast-moving consumer goods was first reviewed in depth, and then there was a coding process to extract concepts and themes. Since the model was supposed to be developed for Iran, after extracting themes from the relevant literature, an open-ended interview was carried out with 19 marketing, sales and logistics experts to complete and confirm the list of extracted themes. After answering the questions, the coding process was undertaken to extract the relevant factors from the responses, each of which was then assigned to a theme. The identified themes are as follows: (1) Organizational considerations, (2) core considerations of distribution channel, (3) channel design and maintenance strategy, (4) macro environmental considerations, (5) micro environment considerations, and (6) performance outcomes. Finally, the conceptual model was plotted. To have a quantitative assessment of the model, structural equation modeling was used. To this end, a questionnaire encompassing 81 items was developed and submitted to some marketing and supply chain experts via Press Line software, e-mail, and social networks, 67 of which were returned. According to the findings, there was a significant relationship between organizational considerations, core considerations of distribution channel, channel design and maintenance strategy, macro environment considerations, and micro environment considerations with performance outcomes.

Corporate group is collection of companies which have shareholding relations with each other and conduct business under the management of a company which is named the parent company. In this relation, owning the most of the shares of the subsidiary company by the parent company results an impressive influence of the latter company on the controlled company and can affect different legal substantive and procedural areas like the responsibility and jurisdiction, in the case of the activities of the group in different legal systems. The question of this article is determining the defendant in the case of occurring damage to the third parties by the subsidiary company. And in the case of dispersing the activities in different jurisdictions, which court is competent? The Authors via a comparative study conclude that the parent company in spite of it's separate legal personality and it's limited liability as the shareholder of the subsidiary company, could be liable id if breaches it’s duty of care. In addition, proving the jurisdiction to one of the defendants in a corporate group can results the proving of the jurisdiction to other members of the group and the competency of the court for suing all of them, an argument which is mostly based on the doctrine of single economic enterprise in different legal systems.

Although LCS, as the most important form of payment in foreign trade, has significantly covered the risk of transactions for buyers or creditors, it has not been able to free the process of payment of goods in international trade contracts without any risk. . The practice of LCs in the light of the legal principles governing LCs, the most important of which is the independence of LCs from the basic transaction and the principle of absolute acceptance of documents, can pose numerous risks to buyers that, if fulfilled, It will significantly affect their interests. Therefore, in this paper, the authors, while analyzing the types of risks involved in LCs for sellers and exploring how they are implemented, have outlined ways to prevent or at least reduce their probability by considering the principles of LCs. The material presented in this article shows that buyers should consider the risks that could seriously affect their trading interests in the process of credit accreditation, and implement various enforcement strategies to safeguard their contractual interests. To consider.

Today, companies operate in a very competitive environment, so developing a new product to respond to customer needs and efforts to reduce environmental pollution can be an advantage to them. On the other hand, the development of the new product will re-configure the supply chain, requiring strategic, technical and operational decisions. In addition, the development of a new product has many risks that reducing them by using appropriate strategies can increase the chance of success in introducing a product in the market. In this paper, a multi-echelon multi-sources green supply chain is considered that will produce a new product. Initially, different risks of new product development are identified, and then we are looking for the best risk reduction strategies. Using a new mathematical model, the best risk response strategies will be taken, as well as technical, strategic and operational decisions. The three objective functions include economic criteria, reduction of pollution and the risk reduction is supposed. The mathematical model is a mixed integer linear programming, MILP, that parameters are assumed to be deterministic. The model is solved using GAMS software. The results show that the development of a new product and the selection of the risk reduction strategies affect the reconfiguration of the green supply chain.

Olive Industry is one of the most important industries. In recent years, there has been good planning for the development of this industry in different parts of the supply chain of agriculture and planting of olive tree to conversion industries. To develop industry, we need to estimate the supply and demand behavior of the whole supply chain in the longterm. Therefore, in this paper, using system dynamics, we analyze the dynamics of the olives industry in Iran. The olive industry supply chain has four main parts: olive cultivation and harvest, processing, production, distribution and consumption of olive oil, processing, production, distribution and consumption of table oil, and the cost of oil and table olive. The results of the modeling showed that it was 25 years to reduce the import of table olive and 40 years for olive oil and 60, 000 hectares of cultivated land and required 20 processing companies. Also, The behavior of the model under various scenarios indicated that to increase the consumption of olive products, incentive policies in consumption should be accompanied by developmental policies of production, since the consumption is a function of price and price is a function of production. It was also found that the need for investment in land would be reduced by strengthening planting and harvesting technology. The model also showed that because of damage to olive, had to be compensated for by olive imports, so it was necessary to amend the ban bill on imports of olive.

According to the importance of international trade and recognition the coun-try's business relationship in economic progress of countries, barriers and in-centives, including the role of technology in shaping trade patterns is im-portant. Due to the high volume of trade between Iran and China, it is im-portant to evaluate the trade model between the two countries. Therefore, to study the trade model of Iran and China, and to evaluate its determinants, in particular the role of technological gap, in this study, the Intra-Industry Trade Index (IIT) was first Calculated by Grobel and Lloyd (GL) based on two-digit codes (HS) Then the regression model is estimated by applying gravity model and dynamic least squares method (DOLS) during 1995-1995. According to the empirical results, technological gap and exchange rate fluctuations have had a negative effect on Iran's and China's intra-industry trade, while the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action has had a pos-itive and statistically significant effect on bilateral trade. Also, empirical re-sults indicate that Iran-China trade is not an intra-industry trade, and most of the trade is based on inter-industry trade, which is the presence of tech-nological gap and barriers to trade such as economic sanctions are one of the most important reasons for this imbalance.

Aiming at achieving performance goals and due to the need for satisfying sustainability regulations, appropriate supplier selection is put ahead of strategic and significant decisions. The functional relative-balance indices with the sustainability targets are dealt as the operations foundation in today's enterprises. Different from previous studies, this paper introduces a three-stage strategic approach based on the introduction, growth, and maturity of a product supposed to be delivered to the market. To this end, a sandcone methodology is developed in a way that the distinct and aggregate significances of the measures are taken into account. The least thresholds of reaching to both sustainability and functional goals are set, respectively, by a governmental entity and a manufacturer. In addition, in order to approach the aggregational improvement, sustainable balance and identification of suppliers' categories, a new multi-stage heuristic algorithm is utilized at each period. This methodology provides a mechanism whereby suppliers are evaluated according to their current status and the performance records as well. The results of the numerical study indicate that adopting the discussed algorithm can be very useful in developing long-term relationships with deserving and stable suppliers.

In accordance with Article 79 of the Electronic Commerce Act, adopted in 1382, the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Commerce is committed to implementing e-commerce related tools in Iran. The most sophisticated electronic devices used in the world are smart contracts that entered the US legal system from 2016 onwards, and then used in other developed countries. Smart Contracts take place in a decentralized ledger environment, then the property owners are automatically transferred to the parties to the transaction and ultimately registered in the Blockchain. Acquiring partie's capacity in smart contracts is about real and legal persons in two stages before and during the transaction. Individuals must make use of digital signatures and virtual currency ownership to conclude this contract. Authorized licenses will be awarded to them if their tenants are approved by the competent authorities for the transaction, so that if such person is not registered or his / her affiliation goes away later, such authorization will not be assigned to him / her or canceled. This condition must also be complied with if the individual or legal person concludes his or her transactions by Decentralized Autonomous Organizations. In certain circumstances, there is also the possibility of discovering the trading side through Oracle. This research examines the mechanism of concluding and operating smart contracts by explaining how these contracts are recognized in Iran's legal system.