RESEARCH JOURNAL OF FOREST SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Year:2011 | Volume:1 | Issue:2|Papers Count:7

Investigation of biodiversity and survey herbaceous species in Ancient locality of Tol Guilan and Marian was done by Whittaker’s nested plot. In every plot distinct slop, geographical direct and, height and its relationship to plot areawas investigated. Data analysis was carried out using diversity indices of Simpson, Shannon-Wiener, Mc Arthur’s N1. Species Importance Value (SIV) was calculated in herbaceous layers. The result indicate that the minimum of plot size are 4×2 meters. In two area by increasing the height the plot area would decrease. In Tol Guilan plot area and plot slop are two independent factors. In Marian with increasing slop plot the plot area would increase. Herbaceous species identification of the total 111 plant species from which 105 and 85 species were recorded in the Marian and Tol Gilan, respectively. Numerical values of Simpson and Shannon- Wiener indices don’t show significant difference in the two regions. But this difference was significant in the case of Mac Arthur index. In Tol Guilan, the highest value of SIV belonged to Vicia sativaand the lowest value belonged to Solanum nigrum, in the Marian the highest value of SIV belonged to Trifolium repens and the lowest values were Polyonum avcular. Ancient locality of Marian have higher herbaceous species biodiversity than Tol Guilan. The results of this research canbe used asa patternin identifying vegetation of same ancient areaes in Gorganrod and other areas similar to northern environmental features.

The tourism of natural areas (ecotourism) is a means to experience the natural or wild ecosystem for training or recreating. Tourism has the potential to destroy or make risks for the environment in long-term periods. Consequently it is necessary to identify widespread effects of ecotourism on the natural resources to obtain sustainable development in tourism and assess the results of management activities to restore natural forests. This study focused on the role of preservation (fencing) in returning forest soil characteristics to its natural form. Three recreational, fenced and control regions were selected in Nour Forest Park located in lowlands of hyrcanian forests in this respect. In each region, bulk density and porosity in surface and depth were measured as well as level of soil organic matter. The results showed that fencing was effective on soil bulk density, soil porosity and soil organic matter in the depth of 0-5 cm but not effective on soil characteristics in the depth of 15-20 cm. Fencing returned the bulk density and amount of porosity of soil in the depth of 0-5 cm to its primary mode and increased the soil organic matter that showed the ability of nature to restore quickly and finally, periodic fencing can be a suitable choice to conserve nature.

This study was carried out in Kheiroud forest to investigation of forest crown gap - that made by dead trees - effects on natural regeneration and its management according to the dominant forest type of forest. Commonly gaps made in forest crown since dying a tree in the forest. These gaps have several effects on diversity and composition of seedlings. According to the gaps effects on regeneration and management importance of them, in this research seedlings under gaps measurement and divided to four area groups, very small, small, medium and large sizes, were recorded in height and species groups. Data analysis Results showed that maximum frequency of seedlings number was settled under medium sizes gaps and under very small, small and large sizes gaps respectively. According to the regeneration species frequency, Fagus orientalis was maximum and after it Acer sp, Carpinus betulus and Alnus subcordata were respectively and in height division of seedlings, high frequency of seedlings was in fewer than 30 cm that shows same time reproduction of mother trees in the study area and we encountering with an old forest. Conservation programs for young regeneration under gaps and different silvicultural operations should be done to help them in the gaps management.

The goal of this paper was quantifying rainfall interception loss (I) and understanding the role of rainfall size in controlling I, as well as measuring chemical composition of TF in Cupressus arizonica afforestation planted in Chitgar Forest Park in Tehran city, Iran. The gross rainfall (GR) was measured based on an average of records of ten self-produced collectors installed in an adjacent open area to the forest stand and throughfall (TF) was collected by means of thirty manual collectors, similar to GR collectors, placed randomly beneath the canopy. Measurements were recorded on a rainfall event basis from April, 2010 to February, 2011. For the measurement period with 18 recorded rainfall events, GR totaled 114.8 mm and rainfall interception loss (I) totaled 30.43 mm. On the event scale, there was a significant correlation between I:GR and GR in the measurement period. As the size of rainfall events increased, I:GR decreased. Pb concentrations were 27.22 and 49.98 ppb for open field rainfall and TF of C. arizonica, respectively. Also, Cd concentrations were 8.55 and 10.75 ppb for open field rainfall and TF of C. arizonica, respectively. The t-test showed a significant difference between open field rainfall and TF of C. arizonica for Pb, while the difference was not significant for Cd. The results showed that C. arizonica is a suitable species for Pd absorption in atmosphere through rainfall.

An inventory of trees citing their different characteristics can be a useful guide in order to better management, as well as help to conservation and protection in a most proper way to achieve the targets of management. Having knowledge about natural species, which are existing now but may not be naturally available in the future for the next generation, is undoubtedly very useful. This research was carried out in Sarsakhti Shazand in Arak Resource Reserve and forest reserve was full callipered and their necessary characteristics measured and evaluated. Some results of studying the relationship among the evaluated characteristics are:- Among different models showing the relation between diameter at the breast height, and the height of the tree the statistical-mathematical equation is a more suitable estimator.h^=0.5004d0.6432- The statistical-mathematical relation of diameter at the breast height and crown height is:c^d=2.7776ln(d)-0.6858- The relation between diameter at the breast height and h/d coefficient is:h^/d=-9.4969Ln(d)+48.738

Tree felling is the most important component among tree harvesting which has consists of cutting and, limbing and bucking. This research was carried out in two compartments in Namkhaneh district of Kheyrud Forest. The Objects of this study were the time study of tree felling operation, limbing and bucking, estimating of productivity and costs of chainsaw, and developing regression model. Factors that affecting on felling time regression models were DBH of harvested tree and inter-tree distance and limbing and bucking times were DBH of harvested tree. The hourly production of tree felling, limbing, and bucking without delay time was 76.9, 14.2 & 57.41 m3/h, respectively. Productivity of chainsaw felling, limbing, and bucking was increasing related to tree DBH as power. The total unit cost of chainsaw felling, limbing, and bucking without delay time with and without delay time were 63420 and 48730 Rials/m3, respectively. The cost of tree limbing consists of 70 percentage of total cost and bucking and tree felling operation consist of 17 and 13 percentage of total cost, respectively. The cost of felling, limbing, and bucking was increased as simple exponential equation when DBH of harvested tree was increased. The cycle time for felling, limbing, bucking, and delay averaged 3.1, 17.2, 4.2, and 6.1 minutes, respectively. Finally, we concluded that not doing the limbing and bucking until starting the skidding operation might cause many delays during the operation that should be considered.

Cadmium is the most widespread heavy metals resulted from human activities. Exposure of plants to the soil cadmium contaminations can lead to various metabolic confusions and decrease in growth. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the effects of soil cadmium contaminations on the leaf and root morphological features of Acer velutinum and evaluate the phytoremidation ability of this species in the cadmium contaminated soil. Two-year old seedlings were used in this study. The seedlings were exposed to different constrictions of cadmium (0, 16, 32, 64 mg/Kg soil). Some morphological traits such as leaf area, leaf thickness, and leaf and root dry mass were measured. The results showed that, all traits were significantly (P<0.05) lower for treated seedlings. Thus, it can be concluded that that morphological features of Acer velutinum might be influenced by the soil cadmium contaminations. The results also cleared that Acer velutinum can be categorized as indicator of cadmium, since the concentration of the cadmium in the plants increase as its concentration increase in the soil.