JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY
Year:2020 | Volume:11 | Issue:2 |Papers Count:14

The Ministry has been always the genuine pillar of the government after Monarchy institute in the Iran's history. But the relation between these two institution are notable. In order to assess the relation between Monarchy institute and the Ministry in the time of Ghaznavid, the inner nature of two institutions, their places in the community and the political and social situations of the time should be considered. The assessment of sources from the Ghaznavid period indicates that there have been challenges among these two institutions, conflict and confrontaion have been existed. Beyond old and traditional competition of these two institutions of Monarchy and the Ministry (power struggles). Access to power by the Turks and differentiation and confrontaion of two opinion and theory of Iranian and Turks, competition between Iranian bureaucrats and the owners of thrones or sword from the other side, competition and conflict among them witnessing challenges on that period of the time. As the result of this mater hurt and stroked the Ministry and it decreased the constancy and security for continuation of this institute and made it unstable. The aim of this research is to use an analytic and descriptive method based on library investigations in order to survey relationships among Monarchy and the Ministry in the time of Sultan Mahmoud and Masoud Ghaznavid. The writing finds out the internal matters of their relations, shaky and unstable place of the Ministry and its Ministers on that periods and even after that and the immanent effect and results of that period until Iran’ s contemporary history.

Family, as a social institution or group, has been evolving throughout history. Evolution of family needs to be studied in order to understand its functions and structure. Unfortunately, the evolution of family during the long Iranian history has not been studied seriously. This paper is an effort to shed some light on the structure and functions of the Iranian family under Sassanids using documentary method. The findings reveal that the dominant form the family in this period was “ extended family” which along with the religious and political institutions constructed the Sassanid society. The family structure in this era was patriarchal, polygamy was prevalent, and ingroup marriages were preferred. The official religion of the empire, Zoroastrianism, viewed family as a sacred institution with its main function as reproduction. Other functions of the family were production and provision of economic support, socialization and education of offsprings, who had to inherit their father and mother’ s jobs. Relatives of father, in this period, had superiority to the relatives of mother’ s side, and the oldest son and his family lived with his parents.

Studying the history of political and social changes in Iran in the contemporary era, is impossible without concerning the women role as a half of human being of society. Iranian women likewise men, had been influenced by the changes, and sometimes they were highly effective on the process of changes. Contrary to what some scholars have suggested, surveying the content of Fars local periodical literatures at the late of Qajar and the beginning of Pahlavi shows that women had an effective role in the political and social activities like as the anti-authoritarian and constitutionalist movement and they had could raise their level of political and social awareness. Women in the form of communities and associations and using the magazines which were the most prevailing device at that time, tried to implement the changes in full for the society. Such efforts resulted in political and social awareness of Fars women and the whispering of the issue of women's social rights. Fars province women, through numerous articles of magazines, and for the first time acquainted with the women rights such as the right to education, the right to trade, the right to attend the community, the right to change the type of dress, etc. and gradually they sought to earn the aforementioned rights in the realm of action. The article is concerned on the extension of press and its influence on the process of political-social awareness and women's identity formation to assert their basic rights. The findings of the study show that the Fars press at this era was essentially self-disciplinary with the continuous pursuit of social and political rights for women and greatly assisted women to identify their rights and being socialized. The research method, since the main sources of research in the press, is based on textual analysis, which can be considered as a deeper level of descriptive-analytical method that ultimately leads to appropriate explanations.

In Archaeology the Iron Age refers to the period in which the immigration struggle intensified between different ethnic groups. The best data from these immigrant communities are their funerary structures. So that these structures have been seen in many areas of Archaeological where they are occupied. The most prominent funeral feature of these tribes that can be seen in the most entered lands is a circular stone structure on the grave that surrounds the central space or location of the dead. The study area is one of the flooded rivers of Meshgin city that such a system is one of the important factors in the appearance of the ancient sites of this part of Ardabil province. In archaeological surveys, many Iron Age cemeteries were identified and studied in this area. One of the sensible Features for the tombs of these cemeteries is interesting circle-shaped structures that surround the inside of the grave and location of the dead place. This research is worked with brief background of the transmittal rate of such structures in the second and first millennium B. C graves in different parts of the world with looking for the mythological and symbology studies that why and how the circular structures are made in the ancient Iron Age burials of Meshgin Chayi basin. A sociological regard to this topic shows that there have been special belief between Iron Age societies that believe on those due to appearance and continuation of special methods in the dead interment.

Cultural revolution in Iran has been usually represented as an inescapable consequence of 1979 revolution, which imposed by government’ s will to suppress the opponents and stabilize new order. Such descriptions lack the conditions and disputes out of which the event emerged. In this article, we contend that making sense of cultural revolution requires a more effective illustration through understanding the historical conditions, its relation with society and a thick description of the events. Moreover, based on conjunctural analysis, we argue that the whole procedure of the event can be analyzed in three episodes: the emergence, institutionalization, and reopening of the universities. It seems that a series of events had an active hand in the processes including the rise of Islamists, the state’ s weakness, the hostage crisis, the border unrests, the widespread clearings, the election of the first parliament, and the bombing of the offices of Islamic Republic Party and the prime minister. Furthermore, several critical issues initiate the event, including its scope and extension, the feature of post-revolutionary university, and the responsive authorities. In addition, the problem of academic order contributed in the period of institutionalization and establishing the Bureau of the Cultural Revolution. The last but not the least problem formed around reopening of humanities in universities. We argued the articulation of events and problems led to problematization of cultural revolution. Also this articulation illustrates the beginnings of ideological cultural politics in post-revolutionary Iran.

Sociologically, the static situation of society can be seen as a period of instability, stagnation, and inactivity, accompanied by features such as the lack of fundamental transformative and stagnant mechanisms. The members of such a society are not responsive to the challenges ahead, take a passive state and succumb to the conditions. The purpose of this article is to examine the static situation of Median society in the pre-civilization (pre-historic) period from the point of view of Arnold J. Toynbee (1889-1975). According to the writings of this scientist, the Late Paleolithic period until the Copper Age covers this period. The land of Medes also refers only to the geographical and local extent of the research in which the Median Empire was later formed. However, this paper, using the historical research methods, being sought to examine and analyze the characteristics of the Median society before the dynamic stage based on existing evidence. In Toynbee’ s thinking, the difference between the static situation of pre-civilization societies and the dynamic mobility of societies in the course of civilization is not a permanent and fundamental one. According to this theory, the emergence of civilization in ancient Iran is seen as the result of a revolution as well as the movement of society from a static past to a dynamic future. The achievement of this research is to show that all the pre-civilization societies that have been seen stagnating state have necessarily been at development and growth condition. The results of this study will also be a comparative study of Toynbee’ s civilization theories with existing archeological evidence. Meanwhile, the analysis of the general characteristics of the Median static society based on historical facts and evidences, is one of the other results of the present study.

In Pahlavi II period, Iranian cinema flourished and domestic cinematographic films rose. Until then, there were many Indian, Arabic and Western films. With regard to the manner of the community and the sale of the film, the process of producing Iranian films went to "film Farsi". It was made at a low level for the general public. an audience that was the result of incomplete economic reforms, cultural and social changes, and the transformation of society into modernity unfinished. In the 1970s, critical films were also made about the situation of the community. Movies like Secrets of the Jenny valley treasure (1973) Ebrahim Golestan, Tangsir (1974) Amir Nadri, Rock trip (1976) Masud Kimiai. in this research, with a content analysis approach, three sample films, from critical films in the1970s were reviewed. selected critical films since the 1970s, the critique of modernization, the conflict between tradition and modernity, crisis and identity conflicts reflecting these conflicts in the form of Islamism and inviting and provoking popular upheaval against oppression. The content and elements of storytelling and illustration in these films, as if the incidents of social uprising and rebellion were anticipated before the Islamic Revolution, was predicted.

An overview of social science history implies numerous methodological controversies about the rationale of historical explanation or causal inference in a particular case with the design of "single case research". In this paper, three methodological criticisms of historical explanations of a particular case were first described. Then, the main answer was the methodologists who defended historical research or internal explanations, who argued that such criticisms were based on a particular logic of causal inference, which governed quantitative or statistical research tradition. the historical explanation and causal inference in a single case uses a different logic called Bayesianism.

In this article, we tried to analyze administrative-Financial barriers of economic rationalization by utilizing the theoretical approach of Max Weber. In this regard, firstly, we analyzed the characteristics of the public finance organization based on the collective commitment (Liturgical) of the villages, ils (tribes) and guilds in the period Qajar. Then we studied components such as the domination of the livelihoods economy; the suppression of individualism and the expansion of the economy and the division of labor; the lack of competitiveness of the economy in the world system; the weak social mobility as the outcomes of the general tax system governing this period. In the end, based on research findings, the concept of Communal Rationalism has been presented as a theoretical modification with the historical particularity of Qajar Iran.

The public opinion is a modern conception of the Enlightenment and beyond. this concept, although in its current sense, it was not until the Enlightenment and is not subject to scientific research, but before that also existed and has multifaceted applications. The Prevalence of this conception and its subsequent scientific review arise from the core of Western societies in the 18 and 19 centuries. And its application to the Iranian society in the 15th and 16th centuries may be far from reality and contrary to the conditions of that period of Iranian historical life. But with a little reflection on this concept Along with its meaning and application in the life of European Societies It can be seen in the preceding Iranian history, including Iran during the Safavid era. From the historical point of view, this paper focuses on Safavid era. After the power of Shah Ismail, one can see signs of social political cohesion such as the formation of central power and national identity based on religious ideology in Iran which can be called the basic principles of the formation of public opinion. This article is intended to mean public opinion, the public domain or people living in the community. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method based on library resources to study the fields of formation of public opinion and public domain during the Safavid period. From the perspective of this research, in the social context of the Safavid period, with the advent of coffee houses, circles formed to form a kind of public opinion. In addition, the Safavid government displayed and represented its power to attract public attention in places like squares and mosques.

Reflections on the issue of marriage and divorce in Iran during the Qajar era and the kind of society's view of it relying on foreign travel logos Iran, In period of Qajar, saw the presence of Europeans for various commercial, political, religious, military, and tourist destinations. A group of these Europeans recorded their daily observations in the form of travel logs. The Iranian folklore, including beliefs and beliefs, as well as the customs of the Iranian people of the Qajar era, can be viewed and extracted from the context of their notes. Travel writers for some reasons, such as the external look of Iranian society, Western curiosity, etc., have provided valuable material to researchers of the cultural and social history of the Qajar period. For example, the Iranian perspective on the cultural issue of marriage and divorce, which is one of the most significant aspects of the Iranian identity of the Qajar period, can be cited. The present research responds to the question of how European journalists from the Qajar era have drawn one of the most important customs of Iranians, namely marriage and divorce. The purpose of this paper is to examine the status of marriage and divorce and the expression of the value and position of the woman and the kind of society's view as one of the most important aspects of Iranian identity of the Qajar period from the viewpoint of Qajar periodical travel writers, which is based on descriptive-analytical method Travel logs are written.

According to the studies conducted by western archaeologists in a number of plains in Iran such as Doroodzan and Shahabad Plains, they have estimated population of the nuclear villages in the above plains between 100 and 150 people per hectare. This estimation is mostly related to large sedimentary plains with agricultural and animal husbandry livelihood. It seems, the condition in highland is different with those villages in lowlands due to differences in their lifestyle. Accordingly, Laran County, which is located in the highland with nomadic lifestyle and animal husbandry, was studied to estimate its population in each period and assess its population changes during long period. By applying Descriptive-Analytical and statistical methods such as SPSS, it was attempted to have a better understanding of the population changes. To estimate population of the area, population census of the modern day villages during year 2012 and ethnoarchaeological activities such as study of 21 modern campsites were applied in this study. Finally, it was estimated that each person occupies 5/6 sq. m in village houses and 6/5 sq. m in campsites. Consequently, based on our studies in village houses and surrounding areas, it seems 51 persons are living in each hectare. For campsites, which are located close to the village houses, it was estimated to 27 persons per hectare. Then the prehistoric population of Laran County was estimated in both site and region scales.

In ancient times, symbolic figures and badges in addition to decorative aspects represented important issues regarding culture, art and even social structures of a state and country. In the Sassanid period, symbolic figures (patterns) also boomed with respect to the interfusion of religion and politics, so that some examples of these symbolic figures can be seen in most of the artworks remained of the Sassanid period. The stucco art during the Sassanid era was one of the most developed arts which has reached to the peak of its maturity in this period compared to the preceding periods and witnessed its widespread use in various symbolic forms in Sassanid buildings and palaces. The study of symbolic plant figures of the Sassanid period is a necessity that has unfortunately not been studied independently and extensively so far. With respect to the object of study, the present research is of a fundamental type and with respect to its nature and methodology it is a historical study. The result of this research indicate that most of the symbolic motifs (patterns) found in the Sassanid stuccos have a religious origin; although these figures have been depicted in the form of numerous and diverse plant figures, each of them are considered as a symbol of religious beliefs. Grapes and the tree of life are among the symbols that symbolize fertility, blessing and immortality in Iran and have always been seen in the stucco works during this period; also, the lotus figures represents one of the deities in Mazdisna religion.

This study was carried out on the social history of the village in Iran and to identify and categorize the social issues in the villages of Salas area in 1325 AH. Despite the importance of rural society in Iranian history and the eve of the Constitutional Revolution, few studies have focused on issues of the peasant movement and territorial issues, relying on observers, activists, and little reflection on rural issues in the media at the time. While understanding rural society requires a deep and comprehensive understanding of social relationships based on a comprehensive description of the reality of the community in question at any given time. The present study was conducted on the basis of a set of legal documents (Execution Office, 1325 AH) related to a sample province (Mahallah Salas and Shaghaghi), comprising a homogeneous community of middle villages, Garmrood and Sarab, to ask what were the challenges and social issues of the rural communities in question? According to the nature of the question, the qualitative research paper is identified and extracted by reviewing the relevant documentation, processing their themes, analyzing them, and finally organizing them into conceptual frameworks and qualitative categories. The results showed that the most important challenges and social issues of the rural community in question were as follows: financial challenges, acts of violence and social strife, robbery, slavery, and refusal of financial obligations, family challenges, nonpayment. Court taxes, non-property damage claims, property seizures and more.