JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL RESEARCHES OF IRAN AND ISLAM
Year:2016 | Volume:10 | Issue:19 |Papers Count:13

Conrtol and regulation of urban markets have been among the areas that government put their influence at the area of Reza Shah. He used different tools to regulate the market. One of these was 'Baladieh'. A newborn organization which was used in the area of pahlavid I as a tool to repair society and was an important element. One of the functions of Baladiyeh was regulating the market and preventing from famine and shortage of basic goods. As such, Baladiyeh developed the physical aspect of Bazar and took control of some of ies elements. In so doing, it also prevented from blocking the pass ways, controlled the health system of Bazar and most notably regulated the selling of basic goods such as bread and meat. Baladiyeh had some people who opposed it while some others favored it and asked for more control. This descriptive-analytical study strives to use the documents and newspapers from first pahlavi period. The aim of the study is to examine the activities of the new born Baladiyeh in relation to production and distribution of basic goods as well as the regulation of the market. It also aims to answer what modifications were made in the people life by Baladiyeh activities? To answer this question, clear tasks of Baladiyeh are reported and then its functions in controlling the basic goods of people are studied. Finally, complaints of people are examined and the results of Baladiyeh performance are reported.

Zubara was the Most Important City of Qatar Peninsula in 18th Century. Zubara, located in al-Shamal Province of Qatar Sheikdom today, is a Historical City of the Country and is Famous for Its Historical Monuments, especially Zubara Castle (Built in 1938, Added to UNESCO World Heritage List by June 2013). Qatar Peninsula was a Dried Land with a Bad Clime until the Establishment of Zubara by Atub Tribe. There was no Real City in the Peninsula and Actually Uncivilized Qatar was Arena of Tribes whom was tributary of Neighbor Rulers. The Establishment of Zubara Really Boomed Qatar; Regional Countries and European Colonial Powers Such as France and Britain Paid Attention to Qatar Peninsula. Although Colonial Interferences and Tribal Disputes Destructed the City Later on. This Paper Uses Historical Grounds and Survey the Establishment of a City in Southern Shores of Persian Gulf as a Case Study; The Article will Check the Impact of Zubara Establishment on Persian Gulf Political Events during 18th Century and Especially Independency of Qatar.

Establishment of a government and implementation of power by a person or a political group and the acceptance of the authority of government by people always have been the main concern of rulers in various societies which this phenomena is called the political legitimacy. Since the Buyids dynasty succeed to governorship of an extensive area in short time and since they did not have a pre-plan idea about how to rule and manage the land under their rule, thus had to follow the ancient Iranian system of governorship, in particular, Sasanian whom were well-known in fourth century A. H. Thus, in order to be accepted by their people, they in first step, try to legitimize their rule by using the concept of political legitimacy of government in ancient Iran, including the concept of the king's divinity origin, the concept of inheritance and justice. In this research, based on historical sources and research and by using historical research methods it has been tied to examine Buyids attempt to legitimate their rule in Iran during fourth centuries.

During the Qajar period, Shaykh Ahmad ibn Zayn al-Dí n ibn Ibrá hí m al-Ahsá 'í (d. 1241 AH / 1825 AD), using the epistemic resources of the four intellectual movements such as Sufism, philosophy, Akhbari, and Usuli, sought to establish unity and empathy in the principles of the Shiite school of thought; But this religious movement, expanded the Shia's internal differences. Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsaʼ i was excommunicated by some Shiite scholars. After the death of Sayyid Kazim Rashti, , one of his disciples, Hajj Mirza Mohammad Karim Khan Kermani (1810-1873), the son of the ruler of Kerman, Ibrahim Khan Zahir al-Dawlah (ruled 1218 1240 AH / 1803 1824), succeeded in creating the Shaykhi community of Kerman branch. A particularly controversial doctrine developed by Kermani is the doctrine of the al-Rukn al-Rā bi. This emerging community soon gained its followers in Kerman and its surrounding areas, and it became effective in the local economic and social evolutions of Kerman by the end of the Qajar period.

Arminiye as one of the most important parts of the Caucasus region and because of being on the Silk Road and the borders of the Islamic world with Dar-alKufr, has always played a significant role in the history of this area has changes. Despite weakness due to lack of documents and statistics on Islamic historiography has always been one of the major impediments to describe the geography of the Armenian economy and other areas under the control of the Islamic world, but remarks brief and sometimes little geographers and travel writers Iranians and Muslims failed these weaknesses are overcome. This study attempts to descriptive and analytical approach based on the effects of Iranian and Arab geographers and historians of the early centuries AH, is studying economic geography of the region, to identify and explain the factors influencing these cases pay. Research findings show that despite repeated invasions of foreign nations in the land of Arminiye and its destructive effects on the economy of the area, but some as favorable climatic and natural characteristics, there is a large plains and Fertile, Very high roughness and rich in minerals, Various lakes and rivershas made To fieldsfor productiontypes ofhandicrafts, Agricultural and horticultural products, sericulture, animal husbandry and strong draft animals and the environment, some species of rare fish and aquatic export to other regions of the Islamic world and the prosperity and development of the commercial Arminiya.

The era of the Qajar government coincided with the formation of the thought of nationalism in the world as a result of the French Revolution. The occurrence of the Constitutional Revolution reflected the entrance of these ideas into Iranian society and Iranians demanded national and citizenship rights from the Qajar Autocracy. in opposition to different thoughts, the concept of the nation was interpreted in different ways after entering Iran. This paper examines the diversity of conceptions of the nation meaning among different classes of intellectuals, scholars, rulers, masses of people and groups influenced by Marxist ideas. And it turns out that each of these groups considered a different concept of the nation with respect to the field of thought.

The most important foundations of the coinage system and exchanges in the Ilkhanate era were metal coins including gold, silver and copper. In the short run, paper money or Banknotes also became popular. So, the system was Multi-metal. Until the Ghazan reforms, it did not follow a centralized policy. Each of the countries under the jurisdiction of the Ilkhanate had a special weight and carat. Generally, its most important feature in many times was coin fraud and weight loss. The economy of this era was based on money, and barter system of exchange did not have much place. The present article tries to recognize the status of the system of coinage and exchanges in the Ilkhanate era, its most important features, its efficiency and ineffectiveness based on its effective factors.

Reza Shah Era wae a new age in the central government disputes with Nomadic tribes. Reza Shah who came to power in the chaotic situation in the country, tried to make in Iran centralization and the creation of a modern country like style of European countries. So, he placed in the top of his programs: Weakening of nomadic tribes, putting or cancelling of this traditional society, according to centrifugal characteristics of States. Reza Shah's military presence in Lorestan begins in 1302 until 1312. The collecting method of this article is by referring to the library refferences and also searching to the newspapares of that time. This article has been done according to library and documentary studies, and based on historical analysis. Research findings of this article shows that the most immediate impact of Nomads settling project in Lorestan, disrupting the social structure, undermining the social base of the directors of Luri nomadic, changing in economic life and career and changes in population of the region. However, the change in the way of education and the judgment of region was effective, that can be practical along social change.

Imam Hussein's uprising (as) is one of the most important events in the history of Islam. This events is one of the pivotal events in the history of Shi'ism and had profound effect on the culture of Iran, including literature and art, specially in Coffeehouse Painting. The purpose of this research is finding direct and indirect effects of Ashura epic in creating the Coffeehouse Paintings. Imam Hussein (AS) and Hazrat Abolfazl (as) and along with them as the true symbol of the Pious and martyrdom-seeking are depicted in the Painting and in contrast armies of enemies of Islam are Presented as immoral elements. Such Paintings of religious and spiritual sanctity and has been Prouduced by the culture of Ashura. The research methodology is description-inter predation, based on library studies and directly or indirectly observations of Coffeehouse paintings.

The Qajar period is one of the most important sections of art in Iran. The explicit effects of West art culminated in the age which the painting were also affected. In the Qajar period painting consciously inspired by the art of the Safavid period. In this period, traditional art retracted versus the various effects of western art that was received superficially, and affected the same and contradictory effort for returning to court traditions and following the Western achievements. The result of these efforts, no serious, true and independent return to the traditional format and no complete receipt of western academic achievements, but its expression came superficially eclectic at artwork and Its result is nothing but the gradual loss of Iranian method and copying the works of the masters of the Renaissance at the Iranian painters, and creating fusion styles especially in the era of Naseri. The present study aims to investigate the process of influence of Western styles in the Iranian painting from the beginning of Qajar period (1210 A. H / 1795 A. D. ) to the end of Naser al-Din Shah rule (1313 A. H / 1895 A. D. ) and consequently the approach of Qajar kings and court painters by the descriptive-analytical method and based on recent research and scrutinize and analyze it.

Bandar Abbas under the Shah Abbas reign (1571-1629) become the center of economic activity after the shah was able to throw out the Portuguese forces. However, the area experienced fundamental changes after the weakening of the Safavid dynasty and abruption of affairs in Iran during the Afshar and Zand periods by the extensive emigration of Arabs to this area. In the First Pahlavi period, centralization of political power and the formation of an organized naval force in Iran the security and order was restored. At this time, the state enforced an economic renovation policy and thus made substantial changes in the people’ s economic life. But the harbors in the north got the priority in national and international trade. The present paper examined this question that how Bandar Abbas lost its economic and transit significance under the first Pahlavi period, and reflects on whether the new development and economic renovation policy under the first Pahlavi was in any way responsible for the collapse of Bandar Abbas’ economic glamour and prosperity.

The development of road construction in Iran began from the Qajar period. The role of intellectuals, foreign powers and Iran's joining the global economy was very evident in this transformation. From the second half of the nineteenth century and during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, with the growth of the West world economic and political currents and the ever-increasing integration of the economy and politics of the nations, the Iranian government noticed the need for new roads. In this regard, the Qajar king encountered serious problems and challenges for the creation of such roads. Political and military concerns was most notable challenges. In order to overcome such concerns, Nasser-al-Din Shah take a policy of gradual and warily development of the roads. He made his first serious attempt towards the construction of the Mazandaran carriageway. In this article, the problems and the process of road construction in Mazandaran with an emphasis on internal and external policies of Naser al-Din Shah are discussed and explained.

The teachings of the Islamic religion are based on the establishment of justice. Therefore, the governments of the Islamic Middle Ages were struggling to gain political legitimacy in this regard. As a result, they paid special attention to establishment of the Divan-e Mazalem. As a result, the Great Seljuk for the sake of various political reasons paid special attention to setting up such Divan. Therefore, the present research attempts to answer this question: What were the political functions of the Divan-e Mazalem in Great Seljuk Empire? The hypothesis acknowledges that the function of the Divan-e Mazalem in the aforementioned period was more formal in nature, and pursued a particular goal.