Journal of Research in Behavioral Sciences
Year:2023 | Volume:21 | Issue:2|Papers Count:16

Aim and Background: The comparison of different psychological approaches in terms of their effect on psychological variables is of interest to many researchers. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to compare the effectiveness of unified transdiagnostic treatment and hope therapy on self-care activities and reducing cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials: The design of the research is experimental and pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all married men and women with type 2 diabetes and members of Ahvaz diabetes society in 1400. 60 of these patients were selected based on the criteria of entry and exit, screening and purposefully, and after matching, they were randomly assigned in 3 groups of 20 people. Research tools included diabetes self-care activities scale (Toobert et al. 2000) and cognitive-behavioral avoidance scale (Ottenbreit and Dobson, 2004). Data were analyzed through multivariate (MANCOVA) and univariate (ANCOVA) analyzes using SPSS software. Findings: The results showed that integrated transdiagnostic treatment and hope therapy were effective on selfcare activities and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with diabetes (p<0. 05),in addition, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of two types of intervention in patients with diabetes. Conclusions: It seems that both approaches are equally effective on self-care activities and cognitive-behavioral avoidance in patients with diabetes.

Aim and Background: Cancer is a chronic disease that, despite medical advances and the development of treatments, this disease is still unique in terms of the feeling of helplessness and deep fear it creates in a person, and the psychological and physical effects on many aspects of their lives, such as the quality of life. Disrupt life and sense of agency. In this research, the aim of the study was the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on the quality of life and the sense of agency of breast cancer patients. Methods and Materials: The research method is a randomized clinical trial with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all patients diagnosed with breast cancer in government cancer treatment centers located in Isfahan. The sample includes 36 patients with breast cancer from Seyed al-Shohda Hospital (AS) in Isfahan and Ala Cancer Prevention and Control Center, who were selected through available sampling and randomly divided into two experimental groups (18 people) and control groups (18 people). The experimental group underwent emotional schema therapy by Leahy (2012) in 9 sessions of 60 minutes. The data in this research, by Arnson quality of life questionnaire (1987) and Palito and et al (2013) sense of agency questionnaire was compiled in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up. And it was done using analysis of variance with repeated measurements in SPSS-23 software. Findings: The results of variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that emotional schema therapy significantly improved the quality of life and sense of agency of the experimental group (P<0. 01). Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on increasing the quality of life and sense of agency was confirmed in the present study. It is suggested to use this type of treatment to help breast cancer patients with death anxiety.

Aim and Background: One of the common problems in physically-motor disabled people is psychological distress, defects in executive function and cognitive flexibility, which causes many negative consequences for these people, so the present study aims to determine the effectiveness of behavioral activation on performance. Executive and cognitive flexibility in physical-motor disabled people with psychological distress was done. Methods and Materials: The current research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test and a post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all mild to moderate physical-motor disabilities who had a file in the welfare department of Babol city in 1401. Among them, 30 people were selected by the available sampling method and were replaced randomly and by lottery in two experimental and control groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group). The experimental group received behavioral activation therapy (8 sessions) and one session every week for 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. The research questionnaires included Barkley's implementation performance questionnaire (2011), Dennis and Vanderwaal's (2010) cognitive flexibility questionnaire, and Lavibond and Lavibond's (1995) psychological disturbance questionnaire. For data analysis, univariate covariance analysis was used with SPSS version 25 software. Findings: Our findings can be useful for selecting and designing the most appropriate treatment approach according to the needs of physical-motor disabled people with psychological distress. Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be stated that investigating the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy is effective in increasing the executive function and cognitive flexibility of physically-motor disabled people with psychological distress.

Aim and Background: Researchers are interested in facilitating mechanisms in therapeutic interventions, including cultural mechanisms, therefore this study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cognitivebehavioral therapy using Mowlana's parables and anecdotes and acceptance and commitment therapy in distress tolerance in mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Methods and Materials: This applied study was conducted using a mixed method (using qualitativequantitative data). The quantitative part of the research consisted of comparative content analysis and the quantitative phase consisted of a quasi-experiment with pretest-posttest design using intervention and control groups. Participants consisted of 48 mothers of children with cerebral palsy who were selected using purposeful sampling and were randomly allocated to two intervention and one control groups. To collect data, the Distress Tolerance Scale (Simmons and Gaher, 2005) were used. Data were analyzed in SPSS 23 using the repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc test. Findings: The results showed that the difference in the effect of the two treatment methods on the components of tolerance (p=0. 020), evaluation (p=0. 037) and, accordingly, the total distress tolerance score (p=0. 016) is significant, so that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment has increased the average scores of the two components of tolerance and evaluation more in addition to the total score of distress tolerance compared to cognitive behavioral therapy using Rumi's parables and anecdotes. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment is a more effective method to increase distress tolerance in mothers of children with cerebral palsy compared to cognitive behavioral therapy using Rumi's parables and anecdotes.

Aim and Background: Among all the problems that can occur in a marital relationship, infidelity is the most severe and threatening point for the stability of the relationship. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of Dattilio cognitive-behavioral couple therapy in stress symptoms and trust in women affected by infidelity. Methods and Materials: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and follow-up design. The statistical population of the study included all women affected by marital infidelity who referred to the counseling clinic of Eltiam in Babolsar city between 2021 to 2022. The sample size included 24 couples, i. e., 12 couples of the experimental group (Dattilio cognitive-behavioral couple therapy) and 12 couples of the control group, which were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly replaced in two groups. stress Symptoms Inventory (SSI) designed by Khodayari Fard et al. (2001) and Trust in Close Relationships Scale designed by Rempel, Holmz, and Zanna (1986) was used to collect data. The method of data analysis was Repeated measure analysis of variance and using SPSS software. Findings: The obtained results showed that Dattilio cognitive-behavioral couple therapy was effective in decreasing the stress symptoms of women affected by infidelity (F=3147/34, p≤, 0. 05) and improving trust in marital relationship (F=17/58, p≤, 0. 05) And its effectiveness was stable and continuous in the follow-up phase. Conclusions: According to the findings, it can be said that a Dattilio cognitive-behavioral couple therapy is effective in reducing stress symptoms and improving the trust in women affected by infidelity.

Aim and Background: Fertility is always considered one of the most important functions of the family. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of education based on acceptance and commitment with mindfulness-based stress reduction in reducing anxiety and depression of infertile women. Methods and Materials: This study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population included infertile women referring to infertility centers in Yazd in the fall of 1400. 36 of them were selected by available sampling method and then randomly replaced into three groups. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) by Zigmond and Snit (1983) was used to collect data. One of the experimental groups received training based on acceptance and commitment therapy during ten sessions, and the other group received training based on mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy for ten sessions. The control group was also placed on the waiting list. Data analysis was done using statistical methods of Analysis of Covariance with SPSS version 26. Participants were allowed to leave the study whenever they wished. The informed consent form was completed by the individuals before the study began. Findings: The results of covariance analysis showed that both interventions based on acceptance and commitment and mindfulness-based stress reduction were effective in reducing depression and anxiety of infertile women in the post-test and follow-up phase (P≤, 0. 05). However, there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups in the post-test and follow-up stages. Conclusions: Based on this, it can be concluded that these two treatment methods are effective in improving the mental health of infertile women. Therefore, these treatments can be used as complementary treatments to reduce psychological problems in infertility treatment centers.

Aim and Background: Comparing different approaches in psychology for greater effectiveness is one of the most interesting issues among researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of relationship enrichment program based on cognitive behavioral therapy and emotional couple therapy on intimacy and compatibility in couples involved in domestic violence. Methods and Materials: The experimental research method is a multi-group pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of women involved in domestic violence between the ages of 20 and 40 was in the 7th district of Tehran in 1401. Sampling method available and 60 people were selected as a sample and randomly divided into two groups of 20 people for testing and 20 people for control. For the experimental group, relationship enrichment intervention training based on cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion-oriented therapy training was held, and the control group had their normal daily schedule. The data were collected using a marital compatibility and intimacy questionnaire. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance using SPSS. Findings: The results of the present study showed that cognitive behavioral therapy and emotional therapy have a significant effect on marital intimacy and adjustment in couples involved in domestic violence (p<0. 05), but the results for the difference in the effect of the method Treatment was not significant. Conclusions: it can be concluded that enriching relationships based on cognitive behavioral therapy, emotional therapy on marital intimacy and compatibility in couples is effective.

Aim and Background: The educational intervention program for spouses refers to another intervention that prevents people and their relationships from the common vices of married life by reducing the number of destructive relationships and strengthening constructive behaviors. Educational interventions are usually aimed at protecting spouses from risk factors, such as destructive relationship patterns and irrational beliefs, and building supportive relationship factors, such as positive attitudes and marital intimacy. Methods and Materials: In this research, the researcher has used a quantitative method. For this purpose, 20 couples were selected to implement the protocol. The research method at this stage will be a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The selected subjects in both experimental and control groups were measured by pre-test. The required data collection tool was through a questionnaire and the results were analyzed by the variance of repeated measurements. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to test the normality of the distribution of scores related to several studies, and pairwise comparisons were also tested using the Bonferroni test. Findings: The researcher investigated her research in the form of three hypotheses, and the results showed that the educational package has a positive and significant effect on emotional intimacy, marital compatibility, and reducing marital conflicts and the results were smaller than 0. 005. Conclusions: The hypotheses of the research were confirmed and it can be said that the educational package of sustainable life based on the lived experience of couples with experience of divorce is effective on emotional intimacy and this effect has been lasting. Also, the results showed that the training package increased marital compatibility in the experimental group compared to the control group and also decreased marital conflicts.

Aim and Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of combining aerobic exercise and diet with and without mindfulness motivational interviewing on cravings and quality of life of overweight non-athletes’,men. Materials and Methods: semi-experimental research method with a pre-test and post-test research design with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research was made up of non-athletic men referring to the clubs of Shahrood city. The sampling method was purposeful, and based on the criteria for entering the research, 34 people were selected randomly into 3 control groups (12 people), aerobic exercise and low-calorie diet (11), and aerobic exercise and low-calorie diet together with interviews. Motivation and mindfulness (11) were divided. The research tools included the food craving questionnaire (FCQ) and the World Health Organization quality of life questionnaire. One-way analysis of variance was used for intergroup changes using SPSS version 25 software and a significance level of P<0. 05. Findings: The results of the research showed that there is a difference between the post-test averages of craving variables and quality of life in the control and experimental groups (p≥, 0. 001). But there is no significant difference between the two experimental groups (p≤, 0. 001). Conclusion: It seems that both experimental groups have the same effect on quality of life and craving variables. In this regard, in order to increase the external validity of the research, it is suggested that more research be done.

Aim and Background: Marital satisfaction is very important in the second decade of life. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural equation of marital satisfaction based on personality traits (FFI-NEO) and attachment styles based on the mediating role of self-compassion among couples in the second decade of life. Methods and Materials: The present method was descriptive and correlation type. The statistical population included all the couples of Isfahan city who were living in the second decade of their life together. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula and 384 couples (768 people) were selected using multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The data were collected through Enrich's Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989), Costa and McCrae's Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire (1997), Hazen and Shiver's Adult Attachment Questionnaire (1987), and Shafqat Neff's Questionnaire (2003) and analyzed with PLS software. Findings: The results showed that the structural equation of marital satisfaction based on personality traits (FFINEO) and attachment styles can be predicted based on the mediating role of self-compassion. Another finding of the research showed that the structural equation of marital satisfaction based on personality traits (FFI-NEO) can be predicted based on the mediating role of self-compassion. Finally, the structural equation of marital satisfaction based on attachment styles can be predicted based on the mediating role of self-compassion. Conclusions: It seems that self-compassion can affect marital satisfaction, and on the other hand, favorable personality traits and secure attachment style can increase marital satisfaction.

Aim and Background: One of the most common psychological disorders among children, adolescents and adults, is anxiety disorders. These disorders include a complex of disorders that their common features are fear, anxiety, and behavioral distress. Various causes and factors are involved in appearance of the disorder. The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of transdiagnostic factors in relationship between stressful events and generalized anxiety. Methods and Materials: The research method was non-experimental causal. The statistical population was all students of public universities of science and technology ministry in Tehran. Among them 700 students were selected by convenience sampling. And the data were gathered through internet-based questionnaires. The instruments included generalized anxiety scale (short-form) (2006), Freeston’, s intolerance of uncertainty (1994), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (short-form) (2006), acceptance and action questionnaire (2011), life events scale (1971), and meta-cognitive beliefs questionnaire. To analyze the data structural equation modeling (SEM) was used through Amos software version 26. Findings: The results showed that the indirect effect of stressful events on generalized anxiety disorder by mediating role of transdiagnostic factors is significant (p<0. 05). The estimates of the findings indicated that intolerance of uncertainty has equal coefficients in mediating of stressful events and generalized anxiety (p<0. 05). Also, results revealed that compatible and incompatible emotion regulation, experiential avoidance, and metacognitive beliefs as transdiagnostic factors have significant role in mediating in relationship between stressful events and generalized anxiety (p<0. 05). Conclusions: Regarding the obtained findings based on analyzing data, it can be mentioned that transdiagnostic factors has a mediating role between stressful events and generalized anxiety. Therefore, it is highly important to pay attention to transdiagnostic factors in treatment of patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder.

Aim and Background: Considering that anxiety, especially test anxiety, has a decisive role in people's learning and performance, the investigation of factors affecting it has been discussed by researchers, therefore,The aim of the current research is to provide a model of exam anxiety based on thinking styles and learning styles with the mediation of academic self-efficacy. Materials and Methods: The current research method is descriptive and correlational. For the research, a sample size of 400 people was selected in a multi-stage cluster. To collect information from Ahvaz Anxiety Scale Questionnaire, Learning Styles Questionnaire (ILS), Sternberg and Wagner's list of thinking styles and Scherer's general self-efficacy questionnaire were used. Path analysis method and Imus program were used to analyze the findings. Findings: The results of the path analysis showed that learning styles and thinking styles play a predictive role on test anxiety with the mediation of self-efficacy. Conclusion: It seems that the presented model has a good fit and both learning styles and thinking styles have a decisive role on exam anxiety with the mediation of test anxiety.

Aim and Background: One of the common emotions in people suffering from mood and anxiety disorders is anger syndrome. The main concern for those suffering from anxiety disorders whose performance in various activities is impaired is self-harming anger and sometimes suicide. This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and metacognitive therapy on anger indicators in patients with anxiety disorders. Methods and Materials: It was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and three-month follow-up design. All the patients with anxiety disorders referred to specialized psychological centers in Tehran city in 2022 constituted the statistical population of the study. 45 people were selected by purposeful sampling method and replaced by random assignment in three equal groups of 15 people. respectively, cognitive-behavioral therapy (Leahy et al., 2009) and metacognitive therapy (Wells and Fisher, 2015) were applied in 10 sessions, 1 session per week and each session for 1 hour in the subjects of the experimental groups. but the control group did not receive treatment intervention. In addition to the demographic information checklist, researcher-made form, data collection was done with state-trait aggression questionnaire. Data analysis was done with descriptive statistics, mixed analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test with SPSS statistical software number 26. Findings: The results showed that both cognitive-behavioral therapy and metacognitive therapy were effective in reducing symptoms of state anger, trait anger, and occurrence of anger and increasing symptoms of anger control at the end of treatment and after a three-month follow-up. the three-month follow-up results of the interventions also showed the stability of the treatment. also, the results of Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy has been more effective in improving the scores of anger indicators in patients with anxiety disorders than metacognitive therapy (P<0. 05). Conclusions: Based on this, it can be stated that both cognitive-behavioral and metacognitive methods are beneficial in improving anger indicators in people with anxiety disorders. Also, the existence of the behavioral activation session can be the reason for the superiority of cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Aim and Background: The aim of this study was to exams the moral identity model based on personality traits, moral reasoning, perceived parental style and personal identity of adolescence. Materials and Methods: The research method was a descriptive-correlation design. Statistical population was secondary high school students who were studying in Mashhad in the academic year 2019-20. Subjects were selected through the random cluster sampling (199 high school students). They completed Benion & Adamz's Self-identity Scale (1986), Neo Personality scale (1985), Rest's Defining Issues Test (1999), Bamerind's Perceived Parenting Style Scale (1973) and Aquino & Reed's moral Identity Scale (2002). Data analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings: Findings showed that the proposed model of moral identity based on the variables has a good fit. Internal correlation is significant in most research variables, the results have shown that the direct effects of moral reasoning on moral identity, personality traits on identity state and on reasoning moral and moral identity was meaningful. The effect of parenting styles on identity state and moral reasoning and identity state on moral identity was significant. The results also showed that all indirect effects of the model are also significant. Moral reasoning was the mediator of the effect of each personality variable on moral identity and the effect of parenting styles on moral identity. In addition, the results indicate an indirect and significant effect of personality traits and parenting styles on moral identity through the mediation of personal identity and personality traits and parenting style on moral identity through the mediation of identity bases Conclusion: According to the findings, apart from the role of each proposed variable in moral identity, personality traits and parenting styles have a mediating role in the development of moral identity by influencing personal identity and moral reasoning.

Aim and Background: In addition to being considered as a platform for exercising power in society, daily life also provides potential for liberating action and creativity and independence of the subject. Family is one of the most important areas of daily life in which women are the main players. Due to the fact that this field is not free of power relations, like other fields of applying power strategies, it also contains some resistances. The current research analyzes the soft resistance of women against the patriarchal structure. In this article, an attempt was made to examine women's lives in the context of a patriarchal society and analyze some important factors in stabilizing or changing their status, especially in the family. Methods and Materials: The present research method was descriptive-correlation type. The statistical community in the qualitative section consists of scientific and executive experts and experts, in the fields of sociology and political science, who have authored articles on development, political development, and women's empowerment in various fields of development. (Emphasizing that Female experts must be used) and the purposeful sampling method was used in the qualitative section. Findings: The results of the research showed that gender socialization with a frequency of 377 has the greatest impact on the analysis of women's soft resistance against the patriarchal structure and the sacred component of the concept of women with a frequency of 69 has the least impact. Among the sub-components, the biggest subcomponent of the country's inability to use the potential of women with the number of 57 has the greatest effect on the increase of women's soft resistance against the patriarchal structure. Conclusions: The findings of the research indicate that Gender socialization plays a significant role in the creation and continuation of harms caused to women in the society and can face the right path with fundamental challenges. The results of this study can be effective in identifying and reducing the harms caused by women's soft resistance against the patriarchal structure in the path of choosing an academic major.

Aim and Background: The studies show a positive and direct relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction and academic engagement. However, there is a lack of studies that analyze the underlying mechanisms that affect these relationships, particularly during COVID-19. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of sense of belonging to university in the relationship between basic needs satisfaction in interpersonal relationships and academic engagement. Methods and Materials: The research population included all undergraduate students of University of Birjand in the academic year of 2020-2021. By convenience sampling, 231 participants, were asked to complete basic need satisfaction in relationships scale, psychological sense of university membership, and academic engagement questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling. Findings: The results indicated that basic needs satisfaction in relationships with friends had a positive correlation with a sense of belonging to the university. Moreover, the mediating role of sense of belonging in the relationship between basic needs satisfaction and academic engagement was confirmed. The fit indices confirmed the goodness of fit of the stated model. Also, sense of belonging was significantly related to academic engagement. Conclusions: Based on the findings of the current study, it seems that fulfilling the need for autonomy, competence, and relationships in friendly interactions helps to increase students' sense of belonging to the university and ultimately improve their academic engagement. The limitations of this study and the directions of future research were discussed.